污水处理系统中三氯生固相萃取(SPE)-气相色谱(GC)-电子俘获检测器(ECD)测定方法的建立和优化

建立了污水处理系统中三氯生的固相萃取(SPE)-气相色谱分离(GC)-ECD检测器检测的分析方法.采集和处理水样和泥样后,优化了三氯生衍生化条件,即衍生化试剂量为150 μL,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为120 min;GC-ECD对三氯生的方法检出限可达0.56 μg·L-1(S/N=3),定量检出限为1.22 μg...     

The switching effect of environmental taxation within Bertrand differentiated duopoly

We investigate second-best optimal taxation of the polluting variety of a product in a Bertrand duopoly with differentiated varieties. The analysis provides novel insight on a useful social function of environmental regulation. Besides internalizing the environmental externality, the taxation of the polluting variety improves the matching of consumers and product varieties, and so creates a socially desirable business switching between the differentiated varieties.     

基于多模型耦合的化工物料输送管道泄漏检测系统研究

将物料平衡统计模型、信号序列相关分析模型和管道机理模型进行耦合,实现了管道泄漏事故的检测、空间定位和泄漏量估算.多模型耦合的方法降低了利用单一模型进行检测的漏检风险.将模型与GIS紧密集成,实现了泄漏信息的直观显示,可有效提高化工管道泄漏事故的应急反应效率.     

Chlorination of para-substituted phenols: Formation of α, β-unsaturated C4-dialdehydes and C4-dicarboxylic acids

Despite the widespread occurrence of phenols in anthropogenic and natural compounds, their fate in reactions with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), one of the most common water treatment disinfectants, remains incompletely understood. To close this knowledge gap, this study investigated the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the reaction of free chlorine with seven para-substituted phenols. Based on the chemical structures of the DBPs and the reaction mechanisms leading to their formation, the DBPs were categorized into four groups: chlorophenols, coupling products, substituent reaction products, and ring cleavage products. In contrast to previous studies that investigated the formation of early-stage chlorophenols, the primary focus of this study was on the elucidation of novel ring cleavage products, in particular α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes, and C₄-dicarboxylic acids, which, for the first time, were identified and quantified in this study. The molar yields of 2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA), one of the identified α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes, varied among the different phenolic compounds, reaching a maximum value of 10.4% for bisphenol S. Molar yields of 2-chloromaleic acid (Cl-MA), one of the identified C₄-dicarboxylic acids, reached a maximum value of 30.5% for 4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid under given conditions. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) was shown to be an important intermediate of the parent phenols and the C₄-ring cleavage products. Based on the temporal trends of α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes and C₄-dicarboxylic acids, their formation is likely attributable to two separate ring cleavage pathways. Based on the obtained results, an overall transformation pathway for the reaction of para-substituted phenols with free chlorine leading to the formation of novel C₄ ring cleavage products was proposed.     

中国初级农产品生产的环境污染威胁及应对性科研投入现状分析

食品安全和环境污染已经成为中国当下最受关注的两大民生问题.通过文献梳理可知,重金属等环境污染物是威胁初级农产品安全的主要原因之一.中国环境统计资料已经证实,21世纪以来作为初级农产品安全生产源头威胁因素的环境污染形势仍严峻,同期,中国初级农产品产量总体上呈逐年上升趋势,但粮食、水产品、猪牛羊肉等初级农产品产地相对集中.分析2012年统计数据可知,占全国粮食比重37％的稻谷,其主产区湘、赣诸省同时也是重金属镉、铅污染严重的省份;而在深圳、盐城所开展的水产品受环境污染影响的区域个案研究也足以引起我们关于中国水产品安全生产正受环境污染威胁的担忧.本可寄希望于各级公共财政能投入资金并引导科研资源优先配置于威胁初级农产品安全生产的环境污染治理的科研领域,以图解决上述问题.但环保部门和农业部门科研资源的投入缺乏对食品安全与环境污染问题的统筹考量,甚至连综合性的国家自然科学基金也未能打破学科和行业壁垒,这势必影响有效的解决食品安全的源头问题.     

橡胶制品工业工艺废气排放因子探讨——以轮胎企业为例

介绍AP-42、GB27632—2011中橡胶制品工艺废气污染物情况,并与轮胎企业工艺废气污染物实测数据进行比较分析,探讨了工艺废气的排放因子。结果表明轮胎企业工艺废气主要来自于炼胶、硫化工序,排放主要污染物为颗粒物、二甲苯、非甲烷总烃和二硫化碳,排放因子可参照AP-42确定。     

昆山市农产品产地环境质量监测与评价

为研究昆山市农产品产地环境质量,采用采样分析方法,对昆山市农产品产地的代表性土壤、灌溉水、渔业水质量进行了定点取样分析检测,在此基础上依据国家相关环境质量标准进行了单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价。结果表明,该市58.1%的耕层土壤为安全、清洁,36.6%的耕层土壤处于警戒限,为尚清洁,3.8%的耕层土壤为轻污染,1.5%的耕层土壤为中污染;76.0%的灌溉水为安全、清洁,24.0%的灌溉水处于警戒限,为尚清洁;73.5%的渔业水为安全、清洁,23.5%的渔业水处于警戒限,为尚清洁,3%的渔业水为轻污染。     

Achieving sustainable lifestyles? Socio-cultural dispositions,collective action and material culture as problems and possibilities

This article focuses on the everyday life of ordinary households, their behaviour and responsibility with regard to environmental and sustainability issues. Previous research has shown that there is a gap between what households perceive as ideologically correct behaviour and what they actually do. It is argued here that socio-cultural dispositions, material culture and collective action need to be included in future strategies for creating more sustainable lifestyles. The investigation is based on a study of families participating in a year-long project in which the families learned to live in a more environmentally friendly way. In the study of the families, material culture interacted with routines, family relations and citizenship in a reproducing manner. The lifestyle changes were gender-biased, with the women as driving forces but also bearing most of the extra workload. From early life experiences, garbage sorting stood out as an especially powerful tool for a change towards more sustainable lifestyles.     

Improving the thermal performance of single-glazed windows using translucent granular aerogel

Cost-effective materials, products and installation methods are required to improve the energy efficiency of the UK's existing building stock. The aim of this paper is to assess the potential for high-performance translucent granular aerogel insulation to be retrofitted over single glazing to reduce heat loss without blocking out all of the useful natural light. In situ testing of a 10-mm-thick prototype panel, consisting of a clear twin-wall polycarbonate sheet filled with granular aerogel, was carried out and validated with steady-state calculations. Results demonstrate that an 80% reduction in heat loss can be achieved without detrimental reductions in light transmission. Payback calculations accounting for the inevitable thermal bridging from openable solutions such as roller shutters or pop-in secondary glazing suggest that a return on investment between 3.5 and 9.5 years is possible if products are consistently used over the heating season. Granular aerogel is a promising material for improving the thermal performance of existing windows. Future research will seek to map out different ways in which the material can be applied to the existing UK housing stock, identifying which systems offer the greatest potential for widespread CO₂ savings over their life cycle.     

南京市化学原料及化学制品制造业能源消耗预测

化学原料及化学制品制造业作为南京市高能耗、高污染产业,对其能源消耗总量及能源消耗结构进行预测,对节能减排具有重要意义。以2002—2012年能源消耗量弱化之后的数据为原始数据,运用灰色GM(1,1)模型对2013—2020年南京市化学原料及化学制品制造业能源消耗总量以及主要能耗进行了预测。由于部分原始数据序列光滑性较差,所建预测模型的精度较低,使用平均弱化缓冲算子对其进行处理。结果表明,处理之后建模精度提高,预测的结果更加准确。