TECIIMQUES FOR DETECTING HYDROLOGIC CHANGE IN HIGH RESOURCE STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: A “synthetic paired basin” technique that combines hydrologic monitoring and watershed modeling proves to be a useful tool in detecting hydrologic change in creeks draining basins undergoing urbanization. In this approach, measured stream flow following subbasin treatment (a period of urbanization) is compared with flow from a control subbasin over the same time period. The control subbasin is the pretreatment subbasin itself as represented by a well‐calibrated hydrologic model that is input with post‐treatment meteorological data. The technique is illustrated for stream monitoring sites at the outlets of two high‐resource sub‐basins in the Bear Creek basin of King County, Washington. Application of this technique holds promise to provide earlier warning of cumulative, human impacts on aquatic resources and to better inform adaptive watershed management for resource protection.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A GIS‐BASED FLOOD INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR FLOODPLAIN MODELING AND DAMAGE CALCULATION1

ABSTRACT: This work presents a flexible system called GIS‐based Flood Information System (GFIS) for floodplain modeling, flood damages calculation, and flood information support. It includes two major components, namely floodplain modeling and custom designed modules. Model parameters and input data are gathered, reviewed, and compiled using custom designed modules. Through these modules, it is possible for GFIS to control the process of flood‐plain modeling, presentation of simulation results, and calculation of flood damages. Empirical stage‐damage curves are used to calculate the flood damages. These curves were generated from stage‐damage surveys of anthropogenic structures, crops, etc., in the coastal region of a frequently flooded area in Chia‐I County, Taiwan. The average annual flood damages are calculated with exceedance probability and flood damages for the designed rainfalls of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 year recurrence intervals with a duration of 24 hours. The average annual flood depth in this study area can also be calculated using the same method. The primary advantages of GFIS are its ability to accurately predict the locations of flood area, depth, and duration; calculate flood damages in the floodplain; and compare the reduction of flood damages for flood mitigation plans.     

ARE SOILS LIKE SPONGES?1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to explore the validity of the old analogy that “soil is like a sponge.” Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure two hydrologic properties of porous media: drainage under gravity, and water potential curves. A tipping bucket rain gage connected to a data logger was used to measure the rate at which water drained under the force of gravity from a trough filled with four saturated porous media ‐ cellulose sponges, topsoil, peat, and a medium sand. Pressure plate techniques were used to determine water potential curves for soil materials and sponges. In terms of relative cumulative discharge from the trough, sponges were intermediate between peat and topsoil. Because of their tremendous water‐holding capacity, sponges discharged more than 2.5 times as much water as did peat. The water potential curve for sponges was fairly flat, like that of topsoil, but the high water content across all pressures (0.30–15.0 bars) indicated some similarity to peat. The results of these experiments suggest that the general patterns of water retention and release in soil materials and sponges are similar and vary only in degree.     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND SOIL MOISTURE DYNAMICS ON A SEMIARID PONDEROSA PINE HILLSLOPE1

ABSTRACT: Detailed measurements of soil moisture and ET in semiarid forest environments have not been widely reported in the literature. In this study, soil moisture and water balance components were measured over a four‐year period on a semiarid ponderosa pine hillslope, with evapotranspiration (ET) determined as the residual of measured precipitation, runoff, and change in soil moisture storage. ET accounts for approximately 95 percent of the water budget and has a distinctly bimodal annual pattern, with peaks occurring after spring snowmelt and during the late summer monsoon season, periods that coincide with high soil moisture. Weekly growing season ET rates determined by the hillslope water balance are found to be invariably below calculated potential rates. Normalized ET rates are linearly correlated (r²= 0.62) with soil moisture; therefore, a simple linear relation is proposed. Growing season soil moisture dynamics were modeled based on this relation. Results are in fair agreement (r²= 0.63) with the observed soil moisture data over the four growing seasons; however, for two dry summers with little surface runoff, much better results (r² > 0.90) were obtained.     

连续弯道平面二维温排水的数值模拟

温排水问题为环境水力学的典型研究课题,研究温排水运动水域的流场温度场分布情况,无论是对温排水工程规划设计,防止热污染,还是对生态环境保护等都具有重要的科学意义。采用曲线坐标系下平面二维数学模型对连续弯道温排水问题进行了数值模拟,通过相同流速比下连续弯道中3种不同排放形式(左岸、右岸和中心排放)温度等值线图的比较,相同排放形式不同流速比时温度等值线图的比较,表明建立的数学模型能合理反映温排水运动规律,可以用于温排水运动的模拟。     

天津市典型排污河水体中溶解性有机质的荧光分布特征分析

利用三维荧光光谱研究了天津市两条典型排污河(大沽排污河和北塘排污河)沿河水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光分布特征,并通过对荧光参数——紫外区类富里酸峰中心位置的荧光强度与可见区类富里酸峰中心位置的荧光强度比值(r(A,C))和激发光波长370nm时荧光发射光谱强度在450nm与500nm处的比值(f450/500)的分析,探讨了水体中DOM的来源.结果表明,大沽排污河除中游个别位置外,其它位置水体均能检出紫外区类富里酸、类蛋白、可见光区类腐殖质、紫外区类腐殖质,总体上呈中游少、上下游多的特点;而北塘排污河水体中DOM的荧光峰从上游到下游呈增多趋势,但检出数量比较少.两条排污河水体中DOM均以紫外区类腐殖质最强.两条排污河水体中DOM的荧光强度与其水质参数之间存在显著相关性,而大沽排污河的相关系数更大.结合荧光参数r(A,C)和f450/500的分析和现场对入河排污口的调研,发现两条排污河的溶解性有机质来源均以入河排污口排污汇入(陆源)为主,另外还有少量沉积物有机质释放(微生物作用).     

以稻草和污泥为碳源硫酸盐还原菌处理酸性矿山排水

以污泥为硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)接种菌群,分别添加等量稻草和乙醇,研究了SRB以不同碳源处理酸性矿山排水(pH=2.5)的过程及不同碳源对硫酸盐还原和重金属去除的影响.结果表明,在无外加中和剂的情况下,污泥中的碱性物质可在反应开始的1 d内迅速中和酸性矿山排水的部分酸度,使反应体系pH值从2.5升至5.4～6.3,利于SRB的生长.污泥中含少量易被微生物分解的有机物,体系中仅含污泥时,SO24-还原率最低(65.9%).添加稻草可促进SO24-还原(79.2%),因为污泥中的水解菌加速稻草分解,为SRB提供相对充足的碳源.添加乙醇为对照试验的体系中SO24-还原率最高(97.9%).含污泥的反应体系Cu2+去除率均高于99%,SRB驯化前Cu2+的去除主要归因于污泥的吸附作用.以稻草和污泥为碳源可实现低成本酸性矿山排水处理,对矿山环境的原位修复有实际意义.     

改进突变理论在井下排水方案优选中的应用

为了更精确合理地对新桥硫铁矿排水方案进行优选,对利用突变理论的方法进行优化,建立突变理论和熵权法相结合的改进模型。从经济和工程量方面出发,综合考虑了影响排水方案优选的3个层次的12个指标,统计样本数据。运用熵权法分层确定同一上层变量下各指标的客观权重,导入突变理论中,建立综合评价结构模型,消除了主观因素的影响。同时运用突变理论和EM-TOPSIS进行方案优选,通过对比3种方法的优选结果,证明了改进突变理论的可靠性与合理性。     

玉米芯为碳源实现酸性矿山废水生物处理

引入了一种新的碳源——玉米芯，对SRB法处理酸性矿山废水进行了更加深入的探索，分析了各种参数条件对s暖一还原效果的影响，确定了常温下这种碳源所需要的最适宜工况条件，探讨了硫酸盐矿山废水的水质资源化问题，并对山西矿山废水的生物治理进行了可行性实验验证。实验证明，玉米芯为碳源时，矿山废水中SO^2-4的出水值可达221．1mg／L，金属离子的浓度也都达到了生活饮用水的质量标准，所以玉米芯可作为酸性矿山废水资源化生物处理的合适有效碳源。     

立体抽采条件下高瓦斯采空区煤自燃危险性预测

为准确预测高瓦斯采空区煤自燃的状况,通过分析发现高抽巷是监测采空区遗煤自然发火的最有效地点。推算出采空区气体在高抽巷中所占的体积分数,进而确定采空区遗煤不同的燃烧阶段所对应的CO体积分数和CO指数。结果表明:当高抽巷中的CO体积分数Chdr CO<30×10-6或CO指数ICO<0.5%时,采空区的遗煤处于低温氧化阶段;当高抽巷中的CO体积分数Chdr CO≥30×10-6或CO指数ICO≥0.5%时,采空区遗煤进入自然发火危险阶段,此时必须采取措施控制采空区自燃氧化的进一步发展。对80501工作面的采空区煤自燃成功地进行预测预报,实现了安全生产。