地下渗滤处理村镇生活污水的中试

以红壤土作为填充土壤,在2cm/d的水力负荷下,进行了地下渗滤系统处理村镇生活污水的现场中试.结果表明,地下渗滤系统对COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮有着良好的去除效果,去除率分别达到84.7%、70.0%、98.0%和77.7%,出水COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮的平均浓度分别为11.7mg/L、4.0mg/L、0.04mg/L、4.7mg/L,达到建设部颁发的生活杂用水水质标准对总氮去除机理的分析表明,由硝化/反硝化实现生物脱氮是地下渗滤系统去除总氮的主要途径.在本中试系统中,反硝化效果良好但硝化效果不够理想,改善土壤环境以促进硝化作用是提高总氮去除率的关键.对土壤中氧化还原电位的测定结果表明,土壤内部的还原性质是阻碍硝化反应进行的主要原因.     

无锡市桃花山生活垃圾填埋场扩建工程渗沥液导排设计

通过分析无锡市桃花山垃圾填埋场原工程渗沥液导排在实际运行中存在的问题,针对当前卫生填埋场的现状,提出扩建工程在原工程和扩建工程和新场渗沥液导排2个关键环节上采取的措施。     

滇池草海污染底泥疏挖及处置工程效益分析

草海污染底泥疏挖及处置工程是滇池综合治理的重要组成部分。本文针对草海底泥分布及污染特征。在已确定的工程措施基础上，探讨分析了工程的综合效益。明确了该工程是解决滇池内源污染的重要措施，工程的实施能有效清除草游淤泥、改善水质及促进水生生态恢复，可望达到积极而显著的环境效益，同时也将取得良好的社会效益和经济效益。     

进出水方式对高负荷浅层渗滤净化生活污水效果的影响

为研究农村分散住户用水不均匀和排放泵井运行不连续条件下高负荷地下浅层渗滤系统的净化效果,建立渗滤试验柱,以实际生活污水为进水,在12.5 cm.d-1日均水力负荷下,比较连续进水、间歇进水和自由排水、间歇排水对实际生活污水净化效果的影响。结果表明,各渗滤柱对NH4+-N的平均去除率均大于96%。对COD的平均去除率为41.2%～67.7%,其中采用间歇进水、间歇排水方式的渗滤柱去除率最低,但出水仍可达到GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中二级标准。各渗滤柱对TN的平均去除率为17.5%～37.2%,其中采用间歇进水、间歇排水的渗滤柱平均去除率最高,表明强化反硝化作用是提高脱氮效率的主要途径。对TP的平均去除率为51.0%～78.0%,其中采用连续进水、间歇排水的渗滤柱平均去除率最高,表明延长污水停留时间、增加与填料的接触面积能增强对TP的去除效果。间歇进水、间歇排水方式下,渗滤柱对COD的去除效果有所下降,但是对N、P营养盐的综合去除效果最好。     

潜流人工湿地水力学特性及工程设计

以净化低污染水体的潜流人工湿地水力学特性工程设计为重点,系统开展了室内外实验研究,并利用Peelet数分析了水平潜流人工湿地碎石床渗流返混程度。结果表明,潜流人工湿地集水花管孔口出流计算、基质填料内渗流计算、碎石床平均水力停留时间计算可分别借鉴薄壁孔口恒定淹没出流、线性或非线性渗流、活塞流理论;但受工程实际条件及运行淤堵等影响,工程实测结果均小于理论计算值。基于室内外实验成果,提出一套包括集配水系统水力计算、填料内渗流计算、平均水力停留时间计算在内的潜流人工湿地水力学特性计算方法和参数选择,可为人工湿地技术的工程设计提供借鉴。     

贵州喀斯特地区河网分布规律及其主控要素分析

为揭示喀斯特地区河网的空间分布规律及其与主控自然要素的关系,运用GIS为主要分析手段,以贵州为研究样区,通过数字矢量化1∶5万水系图、降雨量分布图、地貌类型图、坡度图、岩性图等,进行空间叠加分析,定量计算了不同类型区河网密度值,分析了贵州河网的空间分布特点。结果表明:贵州平均河网密度为781.84m/km2,受构造运动影响较为明显,整体呈现出"东密西疏"的特点。非碳酸盐岩地区河网密度为1000.43 m/km2,石灰岩地区为597.16 m/km2,白云岩地区为779.41m/km2,河网密度与岩性具有明显的相关性,非碳酸盐岩地区河网密度要远远高于碳酸盐岩地区,白云岩地区河网密度高于石灰岩地区;在垂直空间上,坡度≤2°时,河网密度最大,为1237.36m/km2,而坡度≥25°时,河网密度为379.37m/km2,随着坡度的增加河网密度明显降低。     

一株耐酸SRB的分离及其脱硫除镉性能

为减轻酸性矿山废水引起的环境污染,为矿山废水处理提供潜在的菌种资源,从土壤中分离出一株耐酸的硫酸盐还原菌SRB1并探讨了该菌株的还原硫酸盐和除镉特性.结果表明该菌株具有较强的脱硫除镉能力,其最低耐受pH值,最适温度,最大耐Cd²⁺浓度分别为3.7,35℃和40mg/L.在COD/SO₄^2-≥2,Cd²⁺浓度≤30mg/L条件下,除镉率可达99%以上.在高浓度Cd²⁺和SO₄^2-的体系中,该菌对Cd²⁺有较强的吸附作用,能将Cd²⁺从50mg/L降至15.5mg/L,吸附率达58%,采用二次培养能将SO₄^2-从1.5g/L降至0.04g/L,脱硫率达97.3%,Cd²⁺浓度几乎降为零.TEM、FTIR、SEM表征显示,在镉胁迫下,该菌株的细胞形态发生改变,吸附前后,红外吸收峰改变明显,沉淀颗粒含有结晶CdS.     

甘肃陇中地区近55年潜在蒸散量及干旱指数演变趋势

了解陇中地区干湿状况,对进一步研究植被与气候变化和农业水资源管理有重要意义。基于陇中地区1961—2015年的地面气候资料日值数据集,应用彭曼蒙特斯模型(P-M模型)、滑动t检验、Morlet小波、主成分分析和薄盘样条插值等方法,对陇中地区近55 a潜在蒸散量(ET_0)和干旱指数(AI,aridity index)的变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明:年际分布上ET_0以上升趋势为主,AI整体上升趋势不显著,表明陇中地区近55 a气候趋于干旱;年内分布上ET_0呈单峰型分布,AI则呈谷状分布;空间分布上陇中地区ET_0和AI都呈有规律的从南向北依次增加的趋势,越往北气候越干;ET_0在1975年、1983年和1997年发生了突变,AI则在1983年、1986年和2012年发生突变,ET_0和AI的序列周期不尽相同。近55 a陇中地区气候趋于干旱。     

Predicting Satisfaction with Smart Irrigation Controllers and Their Long‐Term Use among Homeowners in Central Florida

Studies throughout Florida have shown smart controllers can substantially reduce irrigation under residential high‐water use conditions. However, successful promotion requires understanding the link between controller performance and the mechanisms by which they are adopted. This article compares irrigation water‐use and survey data collected from households installed with soil moisture sensor and evapotranspiration controllers. The study investigated whether the relative change in irrigation use between two years preceding and two years following installation was a reliable predictor of a homeowner's satisfaction with the device and likelihood of continuing to use it. Results indicated relative changes in irrigation use were only significantly associated with the quality of controller programming. Satisfaction with the controller was largely attributable to satisfaction with the appearance of the landscape and the perceived water‐saving effectiveness of the controller whereas the likelihood of its continued use was only significantly predicted by the level of technical knowledge regarding its functioning and whether or not challenges were experienced with it. Targeting homeowners with supplemental user‐friendly information may best support their long‐term adoption of smart controllers while providing irrigation contractors with training in implementation techniques would represent an integrated strategy for added reductions in residential outdoor water use.     

THE VULNERABILITY OF WETLANDS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A HYDROLOGIC LANDSCAPE PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT: The vulnerability of wetlands to changes in climate depends on their position within hydrologic landscapes. Hydrologic landscapes are defined by the flow characteristics of ground water and surface water and by the interaction of atmospheric water, surface water, and ground water for any given locality or region. Six general hydrologic landscapes are defined; mountainous, plateau and high plain, broad basins of interior drainage, riverine, flat coastal, and hummocky glacial and dune. Assessment of these landscapes indicate that the vulnerability of all wetlands to climate change fall between two extremes: those dependent primarily on precipitation for their water supply are highly vulnerable, and those dependent primarily on discharge from regional ground water flow systems are the least vulnerable, because of the great buffering capacity of large ground water flow systems to climate change.