Expansion of the MANAGE Database with Forest and Drainage Studies

The “Measured Annual Nutrient loads from AGricultural Environments” (MANAGE) database was published in 2006 to expand an early 1980s compilation of nutrient export (load) data from cultivated and pasture/range land at the field or farm scale. Then in 2008, MANAGE was updated with 15 additional studies, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in runoff were added. Since then, MANAGE has undergone significant expansion adding N and P water quality along with relevant management and site characteristic data from: (1) 30 runoff studies from forested land uses, (2) 91 drainage water quality studies from drained land, and (3) 12 additional runoff studies from cultivated and pasture/range land uses. In this expansion, an application timing category was added to the existing fertilizer data categories (rate, placement, formulation) to facilitate analysis of 4R Nutrient Stewardship, which emphasizes right fertilizer source, rate, time, and place. In addition, crop yield and N and P uptake data were added, although this information was only available for 21 and 7% of studies, respectively. Inclusion of these additional data from cultivated, pasture/range, and forest land uses as well as artificially drained agricultural land should facilitate expanded spatial analyses and improved understanding of regional differences, management practice effectiveness, and impacts of land use conversions and management techniques. The current version is available at www.ars.usda.gov/spa/manage-nutrient .     

Estimating Evapotranspiration for Dryland Cropping Systems in the Semiarid Texas High Plains Using SWAT

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is one of the most widely used watershed models for simulating hydrology in response to agricultural management practices. However, limited studies have been performed to evaluate the SWAT model's ability to estimate daily and monthly evapotranspiration (ET) in semiarid regions. ET values were simulated using ArcSWAT 2012 for a lysimeter field managed under dryland conditions at the USDA‐ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory at Bushland, Texas, and compared with measured lysimeter values from 2000 to 2010. Two scenarios were performed to compare SWAT's performance: (1) use of default plant leaf area index (LAI) values in the embedded plant database and (2) adjusted LAI values. Scenario 1 resulted in an “unsatisfactory” Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.42 and 0.38 for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. Scenario 2 resulted in a “satisfactory” NSE value for the calibration period while achieving a “good” NSE of 0.70 for the validation period. SWAT generally underestimated ET at both the daily and monthly levels. Overestimation during fallow years may be due to the limitations of the pothole function used to simulate furrow diking. Users should be aware of potential errors associated with using default LAI parameters. Inaccuracies in ET estimation may also stem from errors in the plant stress functions, particularly when evaluating water management practices for dryland watersheds.     

2000~2013年鄱阳湖流域蒸散量时空变化

蒸散是陆地表面水分循环的重要过程,是研究流域水资源、水循环等领域的重要参数。以鄱阳湖流域为研究对象,利用鄱阳湖流域5个主要子流域水文控制站监测流量资料和气象站监测降水资料,根据水量平衡原理计算各子流域年度蒸散,验证MODIS蒸散数据产品（ET_MOD）,并分析2000~2013年鄱阳湖流域蒸散时空变化状况和土地利用变化对蒸散量的影响。研究结果表明：（1）ET_MOD具有较高的精度,年蒸散量的平均误差为165.9 mm,平均相对误差为9.78%;（2）2000~2013年鄱阳湖流域的年蒸散变化范围875.4~912.2 mm;鄱阳湖流域总蒸散量呈先增加后减少的“几”字形季节变化特征;（3）从蒸散量与地形特征的关系看,鄱阳湖平原区蒸散量低,周边的山地丘陵区较高;各子流域的蒸散量表现为：赣江流域 > 抚河流域 > 信江流域 > 修水流域 > 饶河流域;（4）土地利用方式对蒸散量有显著的影响,各土地利用类型的平均蒸散量表现为：林地 > 农田 > 草地 > 未利用地。     

新型碳源驯化的SRB去除酸性矿山废水中SO_4~(2-)最佳反应条件

针对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理酸性矿山废水缺乏有效有机碳源问题,运用生活污水、鸡粪和锯末质量比80∶7∶3混合物的发酵液作为新型有机碳源驯化硫酸盐还原菌SRB,并研究SRB以该新型有机碳源作为营养物质在不同COD/SO2-4(C/S)值、pH值、初始硫酸根(SO2-4)浓度、重金属离子(Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+)浓度条件下对SO2-4的去除效果,以确定SRB去除SO2-4的最佳反应条件。实验结果表明,在厌氧环境SRB接种量8%、生长温度35℃、转速50 r/min、C/S为1.5~2.0、pH值6~7、初始SO2-4浓度≤3 000 mg/L、Fe2+在100~300 mg/L、Mn2+为35 mg/L时反应条件最佳,SO2-4去除率均可达90%以上;其中Fe2+浓度≤500 mg/L、Mn2+浓度≤140 mg/L时均会促进SRB对SO2-4的还原,当Fe2+浓度≥600mg/L时会严重抑制SRB,Mn2+浓度140 mg/L时会抑制SRB;Cu2+、Zn2+的存在对SRB均有影响,当Cu2+浓度15 mg/L时、Zn2+浓度45 mg/L时对SRB均有抑制作用。新型有机碳源可作为SRB的优良有机碳源,同时可实现以废治废的目的。该成果为实际应用提供了参考。     

碳酸盐岩煅烧改性处理酸性矿山废水的研究

将碳酸盐岩在不同温度下进行煅烧改性,在保持颗粒机械强度的条件下将其应用于酸性矿山废水(AMD)的处理。结果表明,碳酸盐岩在600℃下煅烧基本不产生变化,当升至750℃时,碳酸盐岩开始分解,煅烧3.0h后,烧失量为1.86%,煅烧后产物仍保持较强颗粒强度。800℃以上煅烧的碳酸盐岩则出现颗粒断裂现象,放入AMD中会立即溶解产生白色沉淀。在750℃煅烧改性后的碳酸盐岩能有效提高AMD的pH,对各种金属离子都有非常好的去除效果,尤其克服了原岩对Mn2+去除效果不佳的缺点;将750℃煅烧改性后的碳酸盐岩应用到野外AMD处理工程中,能有效减少处理构筑物的体积和占地面积,从而降低建设成本。     

水平潜流人工湿地脱氮功效中植物的作用

为了研究芦苇(Phragmites australis)在收割期前/后、湿地床体内部各个区域内、一年四季中在水平潜流人工湿地脱氮效用所起的作用,实验设置了有/无植物2组平行反应器。结果表明,芦苇在收割前/后对于水平潜流人工湿地脱氮效果均有促进作用,植物地上部分氮吸收量占湿地脱氮量的10.2%。在芦苇收割前/后(5月~9月、10月~次年5月),芦苇湿地日均脱氮量分别是无植物湿地的1.55倍与1.11倍。高、矮芦苇不同组织中总氮浓度分布趋势一致,2种芦苇各组织含量分别为:穗(28.69 g/kg)>叶(13.69 g/kg)>茎(5.31 g/kg)、穗(28.06 g/kg)>叶(14.61 g/kg)>茎(8.46 g/kg)。在湿地的各个沿程区域,总氮、氨氮累加去除率变化趋势一致,并且从反应器前部到尾部呈上升趋势,从上部到下部呈下降趋势。有芦苇湿地的脱氮效用优于无植物湿地,且底部氮积累含量也较少。一年四季中有芦苇湿地在各个季节脱氮量是无植物湿地的1.06~1.47倍。     

SBR分段进水工艺提高污水厂的脱氮效率

研究了SBR分段进水工艺用于污水厂升级改造并提高脱氮效率的方法,通过对昆明某污水厂实际运行工艺的实际调研,决定从运行模式、进水方式和排水比变化三方面用SBR研究影响脱氮效率的因素。结果表明,将原工艺2次搅拌、2次曝气的运行模式改为1次搅拌、1次曝气,会改善原模式下第2次搅拌过程中无反硝化反应的状况,提高系统的总氮去除率;将原工艺连续进水的方式改变为间歇进水,系统的脱氮效率提高了5%以上;分3个阶段研究了排水比在20%~40%之间变化对总氮去除率的影响,每阶段2个反应器的对比实验发现,排水比变大相应的总氮去除率升高,但当排水比为35%和40%时系统出水中会有较高浓度的氨氮,因此,排水比为30%最为合宜。     

Haneş and Valea Vinului (Romania) closed mines Acid Mine Drainages (AMDs) – Actual condition and passive treatment remediation proposal

Acid Mine Drainages (AMDs) from Hane? and Valea Vinului (Romania) closed mines were considered for characterization and treatment using a local zeolitic volcanic tuff, ZVT, (M?cica?, Cluj County, Romania). Water samples were collected from two locations, before and after discharging point in case of Hane? mine, and on three horizons in case of Valea Vinului mine. Physico-chemical (pH, total solid, heavy metal ions concentration) analyses showed that the environment is strongly affected by these AMD discharges even if the mines were closed years ago. Iron, manganese and zinc were the main pollutants identified in Hane? mine AMD, while zinc is the one mainly present in case of Valea Vinului AMD. A batch technique (no stirring) in which the ZVT was put in contact with the AMD sample was proposed as a passive remediation technique. ZVT successfully remove heavy metal ion from AMD. According to heavy metal ion concentrations, removal efficiencies are reaching 100%, varying as follows, Fe²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Mn²⁺. When the ZVT was compared with two cationic resins (strong, SAR and weak acid, WAR) the following series was depicted, SAR > ZVT > WAR.     

间歇曝气对人工垂直潜流湿地氮磷去除性能的影响

采用页岩和香蒲(Typha latifolia)构建人工垂直潜流湿地处理津河富营养化水体,研究间歇曝气对潜流湿地氮磷去除效果的影响.设计水力负荷800 mm/d,气水比5∶1.试验期间(2006-06～2006-11),氮磷月平均去除率在8月份达到最大值.与无曝气系统相比,中部曝气使氨氮(NH 4-N)、总氮(TN)、可溶性活性磷(SRP)和总磷(TP)月平均去除率分别提高10.1%、4.7%、10.2%和8.8%,底部曝气则为25.1%、10.0%、7.7%和7.4%,间歇曝气能够有效提高人工潜流湿地氮磷去除效率.曝气产生的有氧环境不利于硝酸盐氮(NO-3-N)去除,试验期间底部曝气和中部曝气NO-3-N月平均去除率一直低于无曝气系统.试验结束后收割香蒲地上组织(茎和叶),测定地上组织生物量及茎、叶中的氮磷含量,结果表明,间歇曝气虽然抑制香蒲地上组织生物量的增加,但却能够有效提高茎、叶中氮磷含量.与无曝气系统相比,通过收割香蒲地上组织可使TN去除分别增加11.6g·m-2(中部曝气)和12.6 g·m-2(底部曝气).     

科尔沁沙地沙丘恢复过程中典型灌丛下结皮发育特征及表层土壤特性

通过野外取样和室内分析相结合,对科尔沁沙地不同沙丘典型灌丛下结皮发育及结皮下表层土壤特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,半流动沙丘的差巴嘎蒿、半固定沙丘的小叶锦鸡儿、固定沙丘的冷蒿以及固定沙丘丘底的小红柳灌丛下分别发育了物理结皮、藻、地衣及苔藓结皮,结皮的厚度、硬度、水分、＜0.05 mm粘粉粒含量、有机质、全N、全P、速效N和速效P等指标在沙丘生境中为半流动沙丘＜半固定沙丘＜固定沙丘＜固定沙丘丘底,在结皮类型中为物理结皮＜藻结皮＜地衣结皮＜苔藓结皮,各结皮间养分含量和粒径分布差异极显著(P＜0.01).结皮下层土壤的养分及细颗粒含量随结皮发育进展呈增长趋势.同一沙丘结皮下0～5 cm范围内土壤容重、粘粉粒、养分含量由表及里呈递减趋势,且均高于同层流动风沙土.在4种灌丛的7类结皮中,固定沙丘丘底的小红柳灌丛下发育的苔藓结皮及其表土的养分、细颗粒含量明显高于其它沙丘灌丛下的结皮.