中国流域水环境监测现状分析

通过对中国流域水质监测、流域污染源监测和流域事故应急监测三种地表水监测方式的研究,结合各级环境监测站的基本配置,对中国流域水环境监测工作面临的困境进行了系统性的分析,指出流域水环境监测存在流域水质监测断面布置数量不足、流域水质监测断面布置不均,污染源在线监测普及困难、运行状况较差和应急监测资源不足、监测分析方法不够健全等问题。     

无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统研究

针对传统无砾石管式地下渗滤系统存在的易堵塞,大气复氧率低和通量低等问题,采取了优选植物、改进渗滤管结构和布水方式等措施。在前期小试的基础上,研究了大管径和小管径在处理生活污水时的效果。结果表明,采用大管径可在一定程度上提高系统的复氧效率,对污染物的去除效果优于小管径,其COD、TP、NH4+-N和TN的平均去除率分别达到87.07%、84.97%、45.6%和52.67%。对氨氮和总氮的去除机理的分析表明,由硝化/反硝化实现生物脱氮是地下渗滤系统去除总氮的主要途径,氨氮的去除率大小反映了硝化反应的强度,改善水力负荷和土壤环境以促进硝化作用是使该系统提高氨氮和总氮去除率的关键。     

A review of rapid transport of pesticides from sloping farmland to surface waters:Processes and mitigation strategies

Pesticides applied to sloping farmland may lead to surface water contamination through rapid transport processes as influenced by the complex topography and high spatial variability of soil properties and land use in hilly or mountainous regions. However, the fate of pesticides applied to sloping farmland has not been sufficiently elucidated. This article reviews the current understanding of pesticide transport from sloping farmland to surface water. It examines overland flow and subsurface lateral flow in areas where surface soil is underlain by impervious subsoil or rocks and tile drains. It stresses the importance of quantifying and modeling the contributions of various pathways to rapid pesticide loss at catchment and regional scales. Such models could be used in scenario studies for evaluating the effectiveness of possible mitigation strategies such as constructing vegetated strips, depressions, wetlands and drainage ditches, and implementing good agricultural practices. Field monitoring studies should also be conducted to calibrate and validate the transport models as well as biophysical-economic models, to optimize mitigation measures in areas dominated by sloping farmland.     

排水对若尔盖高寒沼泽CO2和CH4排放通量的影响

建立3块标准样地（天然沼泽、1990s和1970s排水沼泽）,于2014年生长季期间,采用静态箱-快速温室气体分析仪野外原位观测CO₂和CH₄排放通量.结果表明：沼泽排水增加了土壤温度（5,20,45cm）,但降低沼泽水位;1990s[（680±329）mg CO₂/（m²·h）]和1970s排水沼泽[（973±234）mg CO₂/（m²·h）]生态系统CO₂排放通量分别较天然沼泽增加了200%和330%,但CH₄排放通量[（0.78±0.52）mg CH₄/（m²·h）]和[（-0.01±0.02）mg CH₄/（m²·h）]较天然沼泽分别降低了90%和100%;综合考虑两者排放通量,1990s[（186±89）mg C/（m²·h）]和1970s排水沼泽[（265±64）mg C/（m²·h）]生态系统碳（C）排放通量较天然沼泽分别增加了180%和300%.天然沼泽、1990s和1970s排水沼泽生态系统CO₂排放通量与5cm土壤温度存在显著正相关,而仅1990s排水沼泽生态系统CO₂排放通量与水位存在显著负相关.天然沼泽生态系统CH₄排放通量与土壤温度（5,20,45cm）存在显著正相关,但1970s排水沼泽生态系统CH₄排放通量与土壤温度（20,45cm）存在显著负相关,1990s排水沼泽生态系统CH₄排放通量与水位存在显著正相关.沼泽排水显著增加了若尔盖高寒沼泽生态系统C排放通量,降低了沼泽C汇功能,可能增强区域气候变暖.     

水分管理对硫铁镉在水稻根区变化规律及其在水稻中积累的影响

选取了酸性矿山废水污灌区重金属污染水稻土,通过盆栽试验研究了不同水分管理条件(60%最大田间持水量,80%最大田间持水量,最大田间持水量,前期淹水+抽穗扬花期烤田,全生育期淹水)下水稻根际土壤及其不同器官(稻根、茎叶和籽粒)中硫、Fe和Cd的含量变化.结果表明,随着土壤水分含量的增加,在分蘖期根际土壤中Cd的含量略有升高,在成熟期对水稻根际土壤中Fe和Cd含量的影响不大;水稻不同器官对铁的吸收逐渐增加,对Cd的吸收则逐渐减少,两者呈明显的负相关关系;但抽穗扬花期烤田对水稻各器官对Fe的吸收影响不大,却明显增加了各器官中Cd的含量.除旱作处理外,不同水分管理方式下,土壤中全硫和有效硫含量随着土壤水分含量增加逐渐减少,抽穗扬花期烤田能明显增加根际土壤中总硫和有效硫含量,水稻对Cd的吸收与根际硫含量增加存在协同关系.上述结果证实,水稻对Cd的吸收不仅与Fe吸收有关,土壤中硫的充分供给能显著增加Cd在水稻中的积累.     

天津北塘排污河沉积物的重金属污染及评价

北塘排污河是天津市海河以北市政污水的主要受纳水体,其污染十分严重。该研究于2009年沿河采集其沉积物,调查重金属Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd和Hg的污染状况。结果表明,沉积物中这6种重金属沿河呈波浪变化,其中Cu和Zn在西碱河入河口处最高,Pb、Cd和Hg在靖江桥处最高,而Cr在京津高速路桥处最高,其平均含量的大小变化顺序为Zn﹥Cu﹥Cr﹥Pb﹥Cd﹥Hg。采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其评价表明,这6种重金属的整体污染和潜在生态风险均比较严重,京津高速路桥处污染最为严重;靖江桥处风险等级最高,潜在生态风险最大;就整条河而言,重金属污染程度大小顺序为Cd﹥Hg﹥Cu﹥Zn﹥Pb﹥Cr,而潜在生态风险大小顺序为Cd﹥Hg﹥Cu﹥Pb﹥Zn﹥Cr。     

农田排水对地表水环境影响的调查

中国是农业大国,以保障食品供应安全为前提的农耕生产,还未将生态环境保护纳入生产过程进行管理。为进一步了解农耕生产对地表水环境的影响,支撑未来生态环境管理需求,选取具有代表性的独立水田和旱田作为实验区块,在备耕期追加底肥,泡田时段和农作物生长期施加农药、化肥、除草剂、杀虫剂等各个农事环节前后时段,跟踪监测实验区块内积水、外排水、周边受纳水体在实验区块排水前后的水质变化情况,共设置27个监测点位,收集4 184个实验数据。实验显示:农田排水会污染地表水环境,污染具有冲击性,且与农药和化肥的施用时间、种类和数量密切相关,并随农田农药和化肥肥效衰减而逐渐降低直至消失。     

使用含铁基质的水平潜流人工湿地间隙水亚铁离子及理化环境的动态变化

使用富含铁基质的水平潜流人工湿地,运行过程中,由于内部氧化还原和p H条件的变化,可能会导致基质中铁溶出,致使间隙水中亚铁离子增加,进而影响污水去除效率.本研究以使用富含铁基质的香蒲人工湿地系统为研究对象,分析了其处理富含有机物污水时,内部间隙水的亚铁离子、氧化还原电位(ORP)和p H时空变化特点.研究结果表明,各位点间隙水都含有较高浓度亚铁离子,范围为8.23~462.86 mg·L-1,远远高于进水中亚铁含量,表明运行过程中,基质铁大量溶出;内部各位点ORP在-236~40 m V之间,变化范围较大,多数位点ORP均为负值,表明整个湿地内部大部分区域处于厌氧状态,是污水中较高浓度有机物降解导致;ORP在水深方向逐渐下降,污水沿程方向是逐渐升高的,夏季ORP整体较高,春秋季较低.亚铁离子变化特点与ORP相反,ORP高的情况下,亚铁离子浓度较低,表明亚铁离子浓度受ORP影响.湿地内部各位点处的p H空间变化范围不大,在6.44~7.97之间,仍维持在中性范围.结合p H和ORP的分布特征可以得知,间隙水中亚铁离子应是基质中铁氧化物特别是三价铁氧物,络合和还原解离共同的产物.     

浅论新疆煤矿矿井排水的处理问题

就新疆煤矿矿井水的排水问题，水质特征及处理方法展开了分析讨论，介绍了几种较成熟的煤矿矿井水处理方法和工艺技术。     

RUNOFF MODELING OF A MOUNTAINOUS CATCHMENT USING TOPMODEL: A CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: The rainfall‐runoff response of the Tygarts Creek Catchment in eastern Kentucky is studied using TOPMODEL, a hydrologic model that simulates runoff at the catchment outlet based on the concepts of saturation excess overland flow and subsurface flow. Unlike the traditional application of this model to continuous rainfall‐runoff data, the use of TOPMOEL in single event runoff modeling, specifically floods, is explored here. TOPMODEL utilizes a topographic index as an indicator of the likely spatial distribution of rainfall excess generation in the catchment. The topographic index values within the catchment are determined using the digital terrain analysis procedures in conjunction with digital elevation model (DEM) data. Select parameters in TOPMODEL are calibrated using an iterative procedure to obtain the best‐fit runoff hydrograph. The calibrated parameters are the surface transmissivity, T_O, the transmissivity decay parameter, m, and the initial moisture deficit in the root zone, S_r0. These parameters are calibrated using three storm events and verified using three additional storm events. Overall, the calibration results obtained in this study are in general agreement with the results documented from previous studies using TOPMODEL. However, the parameter values did not perform well during the verification phase of this study.