处理微污染河水的人工湿地中磷的去除特征及吸附形态分布

通过在野外条件下构建两座潜流人工湿地,考察了湿地对微污染水体中磷的净化效果,以及湿地填料对4种主要形态磷的吸附特征.结果表明,湿地对总磷(TP)的平均去除率在30％左右,颗粒性总磷(STP)去除比例略高于溶解性总磷(DTP).两个湿地中TP的出水负荷随其进水负荷的升高线性增大,而磷的单位面积去除负荷与进水负荷呈对数关系,迸水负荷超过1000 g·m-2·d-1后,去除负荷没有发生明显变化.4种主要形态磷的吸附量关系表现为钙镁磷(Ca/Mg-P,12582和11052 mg)＞铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P,5312和5750 mg)＞弱吸附磷(Plabile-P,2054和1207 mg)＞腐殖质磷(Humic-P,-362和-136 mg).湿地3层填料对Humic-P和Plabile-P的吸附能力有限,且伴有解吸现象,而Ca/Mg-P和Fe/Al-P的吸附主要发生在卵石和碎砖层,碎石层对湿地中磷的去除贡献较低.栽种植物对湿地中填料对磷的吸附影响较小.     

夏季黄海和渤海微表层和次表层海水中营养盐的分布特征

基于2011年6月黄海和渤海微表层和次表层中营养盐(DIN、PO34--P、SiO23--Si)的调查数据,分析讨论了营养盐的平面分布特征,并选取黄海冷水团断面和长江口断面对营养盐的垂直分布特征进行了分析.结果表明,不论是微表层还是次表层,营养盐的分布都是从近岸向远海递减,在河口地区有明显的高浓度分布;由于夏季长江冲淡水左转北上,营养盐在黄海南部长江口区呈现出水舌状分布特征;受黄海冷水团的影响,北黄海冷水团断面的垂直分布出现表层层化和底层垂直混合均匀的现象;受长江径流输入的影响,长江口断面DIN和SiO23--Si的垂直分布呈现表层浓度大于底层浓度的特征.另外,研究了微表层对NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、PO34--P、SiO23--Si和DIN的富集情况,结果表明除NO3--N外,微表层对次表层中的其它营养盐都产生了明显的富集作用,平均富集因子介于1.37～2.21之间.     

A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM PROCEDURE TO QUANTIFY DRAINAGE-BASIN CHARACTERISTICS1

ABSTRACT: The Basin Characteristics System (BCS) has been developed to quantify characteristics of a drainage basin. The first of four main BCS processing steps creates four geographic information system (GIS) digital maps representing the drainage divide, the drainage network, elevation contours, and the basin length. The drainage divide and basin length are manually digitized from 1:250,000-scale topographic maps. The drainage network is extracted using GIS software from 1:100,000-scale digital line graph data. The elevation contours are generated using GIS software from 1:250,000-scale digital elevation model data. The second and third steps use software developed to assign attributes to specific features in three of the four digital maps and analyze the four maps to quantify 24 morphometric basin characteristics. The fourth step quantifies two climatic characteristics from digitized State maps of precipitation data. Compared to manual methods of measurement, the BCS provides a reduction in the time required to quantify the 26 basin characteristics. Comparison tests indicate the BCS measurements are not significantly different from manual topographic-map measurements for 11 of 12 primary drainage-basin characteristics. Tests indicate the BCS significantly underestimates basin slope. Comparison-measurement differences for basin slope, main channel slope, and basin relief appear to be due to limitations in the digital elevation model data.     

ESTIMATING AQUIFER PARAMETERS FROM A HORIZONTAL WELL PUMPING TEST IN AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: A pumping test on a phreatic glacial till aquifer was performed near Ames, Iowa, in November 1990. The head in a horizontal well was pumped down rapidly and then held constant for the duration of the 30-hour test. Throughout the test, the flow rate at the pumped well and the head at an adjacent vertical observation well were recorded. The pumping test data were used to determine the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield of the aquifer. The results indicate a hydraulic conductivity of 2.23 × 10^?5 cm/s and a representative specific yield of 0.03. Hydraulic conductivity was calculated by a simple integration of Darcy's Law after extrapolating the data to steady state. Specific yield was determined by use of several methods from the literature and a new method proposed by the author. The results show that specific yield increases with time, and that each method is within an order of magnitude of the others.     

FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENT OF DEEP PERCOLATION EMISSIONS IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Source control costs for deep percolation emissions from irrigated agriculture are analyzed using a farm-level model. Crop area, irrigation system and applied water are chosen to maximize the net benefits of agricultural production while accounting for the environmental damages and disposal costs of those emissions. Deep percolation is progressively reduced as environmental and disposal costs are increased. This occurs primarily through the adoption of more efficient irrigation technology and reductions in applied water for a given technology Higher surface water prices, such as through irrigation reform and constrained surface supplies, are additionally considered in light of the drainage problem, as are the effects, both short- and long-term, on ground water use.     

APPLICATION OF CROP YIELD FUNCTIONS IN RESERVOIR OPERATION1

ABSTRACT: A model is developed for real-time operation of an irrigation reservoir with the objective of maximizing the value of multiple crop yields during a growing season. The model employs monthly additive and product forms of crop yield functions for dry matter and grain crops, respectively. The resulting nonlinear optimization model uses a log transform to reduce nonlinearities in the model. An application of the proposed model is compared to a common operating rule used in simulation models. The proposed model results were better in terms of net benefits from crop yields. The model uses GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System) language. It requires an IBM-compatible microcomputer and is suitable for use by a reservoir manager.     

不同香蒲预处理方式对水平潜流人工湿地脱氮的强化效果

针对水平潜流湿地脱氮过程中后端碳源不足导致反硝化脱氮效果不佳的问题,对湿地植物香蒲采用简单处理、酸热处理和碱热处理这3种预处理,探讨香蒲在不同预处理条件下静态释放规律和反硝化特性,基于碳源稳定释放特性及反硝化特性优选碱热处理香蒲作为人工湿地实验系统补给碳源,研究其对水平潜流人工湿地脱氮的强化效果.结果表明,香蒲不同预处理方式导致乙酸释放存在差异,造成碳源静态释放量存在明显差异,3种香蒲处理方式的平均COD释放量为碱热处理(89. 57 mg·L-1)酸热处理(67. 27 mg·L-1)简单处理(54. 45 mg·L-1).碱热处理香蒲硝氮去除率为75. 2%,明显高于酸热处理(67. 2%)和简单处理(23. 5%).水平潜流人工湿地中段投加碱热处理香蒲,能明显提高湿地脱氮效果,TN平均去除率对比空白对照湿地提高30. 3%,同时系统出水COD浓度不会显著提高,还能有效提高系统对污水中磷的去除效果,除磷效果相比空白组提高33. 9%.     

河套灌区沉积物中抗生素抗性基因的分布研究

抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)作为一种新型污染物已经成为国内外研究的热点.为了探究河套灌区不同排水渠(3N、3S、5N、5S和7N)沉积物中ARGs的分布情况,采用定量PCR测定了沉积物中ARGs、整合酶基因(intⅠ1和intⅡ2)和转座酶基因(tnpA)的丰度.结果表明,36种ARGs中检测到31种,在各样地中均能检测到intⅠ1和tnpA基因,而intⅡ2基因未检测到.在各样地中,tetA、tetS、sulⅠ和aadA1基因丰度较高;在5N样地ereA基因丰度最高,为1.65×10~9 copies·g~(-1);15种ARGs在7N样地与其它样地之间有显著差异,其中,aadA1基因在7N样地丰度最高,为1.37×10~9 copies·g~(-1).氮含量与sulIII、ereB、bla_(ampC)基因丰度显著正相关,而pH与tetX、tetO和tetM基因丰度呈负相关关系.综上所述,抗生素抗性基因广泛存在于河套灌区的沉积物中.     

分流制系统雨水管网混接旱天排放污染特征研究

分流制排水系统中,雨水管网混接污水在旱天直排河道,造成河道水质恶化.本文以上海市某混接分流制排水系统(3.74 km~2)为研究对象,通过开展雨水管网旱天排放水质监测(SS、COD、BOD_5、NH_3-N、TN等),以及雨水管网旱天污染输移质量平衡分析,研究了混接雨水管网旱天排放污染特征.结果表明:①雨水管网旱天排放分为重力流排放和雨水泵开启排放两种情况,重力流排放水质与混接水量水质和河水倒灌相关,雨水泵开启排放水质与混接水量水质、管道淤泥冲刷和河水倒灌相关.②当旱天前期雨水泵不开泵时间小于2 d时,河水倒灌会对重力流排放和雨水泵站排放水质造成明显影响.③随着前期不开泵时间增加,管道淤积程度越发严重;雨水泵排放COD、BOD_5、SS浓度与前期不开泵时间满足指数关系.④旱天重力流排放期间的管道底泥淤积量大于泵站排放期间的淤泥冲刷量,年度尺度上57%的淤积底泥通过旱天雨水泵开启排出,其余43%的淤积底泥在雨天随雨水泵排出,从而进一步加重了河道雨天污染.     

污水地下渗滤系统微生物代谢组学分析

应用超高效液相色谱-质谱技术（UPLC-MS）,基于代谢组学方法,筛选不同进水有机负荷下地下渗滤系统潜在生物标志物.采用偏最小二乘法（PLS-DA）和主成分分析（PCA）模式识别方法对样品进行分型处理,根据模型的变量重要性因子（VIP值）筛选潜在生物标志物,分析代谢产物蕴含的生物学信息,研究代谢通路,通过RDA分析探索代谢产物与环境因子之间的相关性.PLS-DA模型结果表明,当进水有机负荷为250mg/L、400mg/L、500mg/L时,同一高度层代谢产物间存在显著性差异,共筛选出VIP值大于1.5的230种差异代谢物,以有机酸为主;同时也存在一些醇类、酚类等微生物代谢中间产物.此外,微生物代谢产物与模拟土柱高度有显著对应性.在水力负荷为0.14m³/（m²·d）,COD污染负荷为400mg/L条件下,3个高度层H2（500mm）、H4（1000mm）、H6（1500mm）筛选出53种VIP值大于1.5的差异代谢物,以酸类、酮类物质为主.RDA分析表明,随着有机负荷波动和剖面高度的变化,代谢产物受到氧化还原环境（ORP）与硝态氮（NO₃^-）的影响较大,呈负相关.