WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL BY VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ON WESTERN RANGELANDS1

Increasing water for onsite and offsite uses can be a viable objective for management of certain western rangelands. One approach utilizes water harvesting techniques to increase surface runoff by preventing or slowing infiltration of rain. An attractive alternative, where applicable, is to replace vegetation that uses much water with plants that use less so that more water percolates through the soil to streams and ground water. Most sites are too dry to increase water yield in this way; probably less than 1 percent of the western rangelands can be managed for this purpose. However, where annual precipitation exceeds about 450 mm (18 inches) and deep-rooted shrubs can be replaced by shallow-rooted grasses, there is potential to increase streamflows and to improve forage for livestock. Little or no increase can be expected by eradication of low-density brush and pinyon-juniper woodlands. Potentials for improving water yield are reviewed and summarized by vegetation types.     

DRAINAGE QUALITY AT DEEP COAL MINE SITES1

ABSTRACT: Samples were collected from the drainages of inactive deep coal mine sites located in eight states. Drainage quality was found to be highly variable, with a majority of sites exceeding federal effluent quality guidelines. Concentrations of trace metals including cadmium, mercury, zinc, and nickel were low. The presence of overburden calcareous material was shown to affect drainage quality. A consistent pattern of pH-acidity response was found to exist for the mine sites monitored. An empirical formula was developed to characterize this response.     

埋地塑料排水管在市政工程中的应用及存在问题

分析了埋地塑料排水管的发展背景,介绍了当前常见埋地塑料排水管的种类、性能等特点,指出了塑料管材在市政排水工程应用中存在的问题及解决办法,预测了我国埋地塑料排水管发展趋势和前景.     

灰色组合模型在钻孔瓦斯流量预测中的应用

钻孔瓦斯流量直接关系着钻孔抽放煤层瓦斯涌出量及钻孔瓦斯涌出初速度的判定,因此研究钻孔瓦斯流量的变化及发展趋势具有较大实用价值。利用"灰色组合预测"思想,提出一种对多种常用预测模型进行熵权法计算权重的组合预测方法,从而可根据有限的实测数据达到预测瓦斯流量发展的目的,结合工程实例,将灰色组合预测模型和单点模型模拟的结果进行比较,其结果表明组合的灰色模型预测精度较高,对瓦斯抽放设计和矿井安全生产具有较大的指导意义。     

Modeling Stream Channel Characteristics From Drainage‐Enforced DEMs in Puget Sound,Washington, USA1

Abstract: Mapping stream channels and their geomorphic attributes is an important step in many watershed research and management projects. Often insufficient field data exist to map hydromorphologic attributes across entire drainage basins, necessitating the application of hydrologic modeling tools to digital elevation models (DEMs) via a geographic information system (GIS). In this article, we demonstrate methods for deriving synthetic stream networks via GIS across large and diverse basins using drainage‐enforced DEMs, along with techniques for estimating channel widths and gradient on the reach scale. The two‐step drainage enforcement method we used produced synthetic stream networks that displayed a high degree of positional accuracy relative to the input streams. The accuracies of our estimated channel parameters were assessed with field data, and predictions of bankfull width, wetted width and gradient were strongly correlated with measured values (r² = 0.92, r² = 0.95, r² = 0.88, respectively). Classification accuracies of binned channel attributes were also high. Our methodology allows for the relatively rapid mapping of stream channels and associated morphological attributes across large geographic areas. Although initially developed to provide salmon recovery planners with important salmon habitat information, we suggest these methodologies are relevant to a variety of research and management questions.     

Impacts of Residential Development on Humid Subtropical Freshwater Resources: Southwest Florida Experience1

Abstract: The population of Collier and Lee Counties in southwestern Florida has increased 11‐fold from 1960 to 2004 with a concomitant increase in freshwater demand. Water levels and salinity within the water table aquifer over the past two to three decades have generally been stable, with more monitoring wells showing statistically significant temporal increases in water level than decreases. Residential development has had a neutral impact on the water table aquifer because the total annual evapotranspiration of residential communities is comparable to that of native vegetation and less than that of most agricultural land uses. Public water supply systems and private wells also result in net recharge to the water table aquifer with water produced from deeper aquifers. Confined freshwater aquifers have overall trends of decreasing water levels. However, with the exception of the mid‐Hawthorn aquifer, water levels in most areas recover to near background levels each summer wet season. Freshwater resources in humid subtropical areas, such as southwestern Florida, are relatively robust because of the great aquifer recharge potential from the excess of rainfall over ET during the wet season. Proper management can result in sustainable water resources.     

THE FLEXIBLE TOLERANCE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS IN THE ROOT ZONE1

In this study, a constrained minimization method, the flexible tolerance method, was used to solve the optimization problems for determining hydrologic parameters in the root zone: water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation. Synthetic soil moisture data were first generated using the Richards' equation and its associated initial and boundary conditions, and these data were then used for the inverse analyses. The results of inverse simulation indicate the following. If the soil moisture data contain no noise, the rate of estimated water uptake and spatial root distribution parameters are equal to the true values without using constraints. If there is noise in the observed data, constraints must be used to improve the quality of the estimate results. In the estimation of rainfall infiltration and surface evaporation, interpolation methods should be used to reduce the number of unknowns. A fewer number of variables can improve the quality of inversely estimated parameters. Simultaneous estimation of spatial root distribution and water uptake rate or estimation of evaporation and water uptake rate is possible. The method was used to estimate the water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation using long‐term soil moisture data collected from Nebraska's Sand Hills.     

基于瓦斯涌出分源预测选择瓦斯抽放方法的研究

煤矿瓦斯抽放是瓦斯治理、降低瓦斯涌出量的有效方法和手段，要充分发挥瓦斯抽放的效用就必须合理选择抽放方法。利用瓦斯分源涌出预测的结果，按照瓦斯分源治理的思想，研究一种选择瓦斯抽放源的分析方法，避免生产中单纯依靠经验选择瓦斯抽放方法的传统模式，以改善抽放效果，提高矿井瓦斯事故防治水平，为安全生产提供保障。     

淮南矿区矿井水深度处理技术研究

针对淮南矿区淮河以北矿井水中含有以氯化物为主的高矿化度矿井水的水质特点,在原有净化处理设施的基础上,设计了以叠片过滤、超滤与反渗透相结合的深度处理工艺,并通过试验研究确定了该工艺各单元的技术参数及运行可靠性.     

膜法处理淮南矿区矿井水的试验研究

论述了淮南矿业集团公司淮河以北矿区矿井水的水质特点,通过膜法处理矿井水试验,研究采用超滤、反渗透及纳滤处理矿井水的效果及工艺参数等,并对试验结果进行了讨论,提出叠片过滤+超滤+反渗透是矿井水深度处理经济适用的方法.