生物填料地下渗滤系统处理生活污水的中试研究

以活性污泥等生物基质为填料.在不同的水力负荷和有机负荷条件下,研究了地下渗滤系统对生活污水的处理效果.中试结果表明:地下渗滤系统对COD、NH_4~+-N和TP有着良好的去除效果,在水力负荷为4 cm·d~(-1),污染负荷为280 mg·L~(-1)和320 mg·L~(-1)时.COD、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除去分别达到91.2%、97.2%、88.0%和90.6%、95.6%、90.4%;水力负荷达到450 mg·L~(-1)时,有机物及氨氮的去除率下降迅速,仅为83.2%和85.5%,TP的去除率略有提高,为91.7%;平均污染负荷为300 mg·L~(-1),水力负荷为4.0 cm·d~(-1)、6.5 cm·d~(-1)和8.1 cm·d~(-1)时,COD、NH+4_4~+-N和TP的去除率分别达到90.6%、97.4%、90.0%.87.3%、96.8%、84.0%和85.6%,96.3%,83.3%;适宜的生活污水处理条件是水力负荷为8.1 cm·d~(-1),污染负荷低于450 mg·L~(-1).在以上工况下的出水水质均优于生活杂用水水质标准(CJ251-89)和沈阳市污水处理中水回用标准,处理效果稳定;系统垂直方向的氨化细菌分布较均匀,硝化细菌在70 cm以上区域数量较多,反硝化细菌在70 cm以下区域数量较多;氨化细菌与COD、NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率的相关性显著,硝化及反硝化细菌与COD、NH_4~+-N和TN的去除率的相关性极显著;氨化、硝化和反硝化细菌与TP的去除率的相关性均不显著,说明生物作用不是TP脱除的主要途径.     

交错齿槛型泥石流排导槽研究初探

排导槽是一种常见的泥石流防治措施,提出了交错齿槛槽定义,即该类槽是指由两束流侧墙及置于其间交错排列的梯级齿槛群构成的一种新型泥石流排导槽,根据流域面积与沟床纵比降可分为3种类型;详细分析了交错槽的结构特征,并根据泥石流的不同阶段阐述了泥石流在交错槽中的流态形式;最后从消能机制、冲刷磨蚀、生态效益等方面将交错槽与东川槽等常规阶梯深潭系统做了比较,指出交错齿槛槽具有明显的优势,为进一步研究泥石流与交错齿槛的作用机制、泥石流在其中的排导特征等打下基础。     

Climate Change Impacts on Irrigation Water Needs in the jaguaribe River Basin1

Gondim, Rubens S., Marco A.H. de Castro, Aline de H.N. Maia, Sílvio R.M. Evangelista, and Sérgio C. de F. Fuck, Jr., 2012. Climate Change Impacts on Irrigation Water Needs in the Jaguaribe River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 355‐365. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00620.x Abstract: Climate change is conceptually referred to as a modification to the average of climate variables and their natural variability, due to both natural and anthropogenic driving forces, such as greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change potentially impacts rainfall, temperature, and air humidity, which have relationship with plant evapotranspiration and consequently to irrigation water needs (IWN). The purpose of this research is to assess climate change impacts on irrigation water demand, based on climatic impacts stemming from future greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The study area includes eight municipalities in the Jaguaribe River Basin, located in the Ceará State of semiarid northeast Brazil. The FAO Penman‐Monteith method is used for the calculation of a reference evapotranspiration with limited climatic data. IWN projections are calculated using bias‐corrected climate projections for monthly rainfall and surface temperature derived from the United Kingdom’s Hadley Centre Regional Climate Model simulations. The increase in the average IWN is projected to be 7.9 and 9.1% over the period 2025‐2055 for the A2 and B2 scenarios, respectively with respect to 1961‐1990 baseline.     

Projections of 21st Century Sierra Nevada Local Hydrologic Flow Components Using an Ensemble of General Circulation Models1

Abstract: Sierra Nevada snowmelt and runoff is a key source of water for many of California’s 38 million residents and nearly the entire population of western Nevada. The purpose of this study was to assess the impacts of expected 21st Century climatic changes in the Sierra Nevada at the subwatershed scale, for all hydrologic flow components, and for a suite of 16 General Circulation Models (GCMs) with two emission scenarios. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was calibrated and validated at 35 unimpaired streamflow sites. Results show that temperatures are projected to increase throughout the Sierra Nevada, whereas precipitation projections vary between GCMs. These climatic changes drive a decrease in average annual streamflow and an advance of snowmelt and runoff by several weeks. The largest streamflow reductions were found in the mid‐range elevations due to less snow accumulation, whereas the higher elevation watersheds were more resilient due to colder temperatures. Simulation results showed that decreases in snowmelt affects not only streamflow, but evapotranspiration, surface, and subsurface flows, such that less water is available in spring and summer, thus potentially affecting aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Declining spring and summer flows did not equally affect all subwatersheds in the region, and the subwatershed perspective allowed for identification for the most sensitive basins throughout the Sierra Nevada.     

影响无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统的几个主要因素

为了进一步明确植物、土壤、管道对无砾石微孔管地下渗滤系统中污染物去除的贡献能力大小,采用2种植物、2种管道、2种土壤组合形成8个平行系统,采用对比实验方法研究了植物、管道、土壤对地下渗滤系统中污染物去除效果的改变。结果表明,植物、土壤、管道任一因素的单独影响效应显著,但是组合后的交互效应不存在显著差异。而且,在土壤、植物、管道3因素中限定其中2个因素,对比研究另外一种因素的条件下,得到在COD、TP、NH4＋-N、TN的去除效果上,变化趋势相同,均是渗滤管外径200mm〉渗滤管外径160mm,吉祥草〉灯芯草,砂壤土〉粘土,且部分存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。     

四川望佳人工湿地系统生活污水净化效果

取样监测分析了望佳人工湿地系统各组成单元对COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的去除效果。在水力负荷为0.18 m3/m·d、温度为8~19℃、p H为6~8的条件下,分析结果表明,各单元COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的系统去除率满足:人工快渗池>厌氧调节池>1号表流湿地>潜流湿地>氧化塘>2号表流湿地>1号水平潜流湿地>2号水平潜流湿地,其中人工快渗池单元的系统去除率平均值分别为21.21%、22.74%、22.49%、25.58%和30.85%。监测期间COD、TN、NH3-N、TP和SS的总去除率平均值分别为89.41%、90.27%、89.89%、89.89%和92.28%,系统出水达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》GB18918-2002一级标准的B标准。监测表明,该湿地设计偏于保守,还可以优化设计单元以减少建设和运行成本。     

SAPS处理酸性矿山废水的模拟应用研究

根据硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的生物矿化原理设计了一套连续碱度产生系统(SAPS)反应器,以市政污水处理厂的活性污泥为SRB提供源,南方常见的香芋柄为有机物碳源,选用石灰石为反应器中碱度层填充物,进行实验室模拟SAPS处理酸性矿山废水(AMD)的应用研究,实验结果表明,SAPS处理酸性矿山废水的方法是具有技术可行的:SRB利用有机碳源生长代谢,产生碱度、还原SO2-4和降解COD。最终废水p H从进水4.0左右上升到出水7.0左右;出水COD降低到约200 mg/L;SO2-4还原为各种硫化物,其还原率约为61%;不同金属离子在有机层和碱度层发生反应产生沉淀,其中Fe2+、Cu2+和Zn2+的去除效率分别约为76%、78.5%和82%,而主要靠物理吸附作用的Mn2+去除率较低;初次模拟SAPS运行到56 d时,系统最终因有机碳源不足而各项指标不再改变。     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

水平潜流人工湿地处理太原市城市再生水的运行效能

以山西省太原市某污水厂的高氮低碳尾水为研究对象,开展基于3床并联的水平潜流人工湿地处理尾水的中试研究。研究结果表明,该人工湿地系统启动2个月进入稳定运行期;稳定运行期3个床体的出水水质除TN外其余指标均满足《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中Ⅳ类水体标准,TN指标满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918．2002）中一级A标准,该湿地系统出水可直接用于补充景观用水;稳定运行期3床的植物与基质的配置更适合处理同类尾水,3个床体对各污染物的去除效果均为3床〉2床〉1床;本系统中填料对污染物处理效果的影响大于植物对污染物处理效果的影响,最优填料顺序依次为沸石、砾石和钢渣,最适植物栽种顺序为芦苇、香蒲、美人蕉、黄菖蒲和芦苇。