建筑给水排水节水节能方法探讨

建筑给水排水工程的节水节能不容忽视．因节约用水能给社会带来环境效益、经济效益和社会效益．本文从建筑给排水系统的设计、建筑污水处理回用等角度,研究探讨了建筑给水排水节水应采取的途征和方法,以获得最大的节水效果,表1,参4．     

高砷煤矿废水对表层岩溶水水质的影响

矿业开发过程对水环境的影响是严重的,而表层岩溶水是喀斯特地区居民的主要水源之一,具有典型的脆弱性. 因此,研究酸性矿山水对岩溶水质的影响尤为重要. 以兴仁县交乐高砷煤矿区为例,从水化学角度研究高砷煤矿废水对矿区周边表层岩溶水水质的影响. 结果表明:酸性矿山排水中ρ(SO₄2-)和溶解态金属中ρ(Cd),ρ(Cu),ρ(Zn),ρ(Mn)和ρ(Fe)高,pH低;矿山废水主要影响下游溪流地表水及其流经的岩溶管道水体的水质,对当地居民的正常使用影响较大;pH沿溪流方向逐渐升高,而水体中主要离子浓度呈不同程度的降低趋势;与酸性矿山排水没有水力联系的周边支流及泉点目前尚未受到影响.      

基于GSI原理瓦斯抽采钻孔收缩比评估方法及其应用

瓦斯抽采钻孔收缩是致使排渣阻力增大、钻孔发生堵塞的主要因素。基于地质强度指标(GSI)法,分析了评估煤体力学参数的方法,探讨了Mohr-Coulomb与Hoek-Brown准则内在关系,从而能够应用较为广泛的方法验证和求解不同煤层条件下钻孔的变形量;提出了钻孔收缩比概念和计算方法,应用GSI原理对不同强度煤的钻孔收缩比进行定性分析。分析结果表明,钻孔收缩比受煤体强度变化的影响非常敏感,对于强度较低的煤体,钻孔变形量大,钻孔收缩严重,其结果缩小了钻孔的排渣空间,间接增大了钻屑运移、钻杆旋转及退钻阻力,使钻孔施工更加困难。结合工程案例,根据施工地点地质条件,科学评估钻孔收缩比并提出钻孔施工改进方案,通过工业性试验,钻进深度提高40%,钻进效率提高97.5%。     

垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞及其运行效果影响研究

在净化猪场沼液中开展了垂直潜流人工湿地堵塞过程及其运行效能变化的研究.结果表明,人工湿地堵塞的主要成因是由于填料层中不可滤过性物质的积累所致.不可滤过性物质是由有机物和无机物组成,且大部分不可滤过性物质的粒径均超过5.00 μm.填料层的孔隙率和水力传导系数均随系统运行时间的延长而减小,而填料层中被截留物质的含量则随系统运行时间的延长而增大,其空间变化特征均受到了系统中水力流态的影响;当系统HLR为0.02m3/(m2·d)时,VSSF在运行1380d后对猪场沼液的净化开始恶化,系统对COD、TSS、TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别降至37.31%、57.82%、20.80%、32.13%和51.18%.     

基于标准化降水蒸散指数的中国东部季风区干旱特征分析

研究基于标准化降水蒸散指数,采用0.5°×0.5°中国地面气温和降水数据集,通过分析东部季风区季节和年尺度干旱覆盖率、频率以及单位面积干旱强度,揭示了中国东部季风区1961—2013年干旱特征时空分布变化。研究结果表明：近20 a东部季风区干旱特征变化明显,特别是1997年之后东部季风区干旱覆盖率和单位面积干旱强度显著增加;东北地区、华北平原、黄土高原和西南地区干旱频率增加,高频率覆盖范围扩大明显;气象干旱极端危险区扩大。全球变暖背景下东部季风区干旱呈现出极端化趋势。     

基于多叉树的遍历算法在数字水系拓扑关系计算中的应用

数字水系中各网格或子流域之间的拓扑关系是正确反映洪水演算顺序的重要环节。针对目前流域拓扑关系计算中存在的问题,提出了一种基于多叉树的流域拓扑关系计算方法,该算法将流域中的网格或子流域概化成树形结构的结点图,运用后序遍历递归算法,可快速自动建立反映洪水演算顺序的拓扑结构,解决了复杂流域洪水的演算集成问题,为分布式水文模型的开发研制奠定了坚实的基础,具有较强的实用价值。     

地震堰塞湖人工排泄断面优化初探

汶川8.0级特大地震诱发了以唐家山堰塞湖为典型的大量堰塞湖,对上下游人民生命财产安全造成了严重的威胁和危害。对震后堰塞湖的处置成为今后次生山地灾害减灾的一大关键性课题。在回顾和总结唐家山堰塞湖的应急排险经验的基础上,对泄流槽纵、横断面的优化进行了初步的探讨。同时在开挖过程中,也应考虑堰塞体组成物质、抗冲稳定性、施工设备等因素选择泄流槽体型。震后5～10年是泥石流、滑坡灾害的活跃期,发生大规模泥石流、滑坡堵江事件的可能性也随之增加,期望研究能够为堰塞湖的排险处理提供一定的技术参考。     

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE EVAPORATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR CONTINUOUS MODELING1

ABSTRACT: The importance of evaporation in hydrologic modeling has been investigated by analysis of water budget at various scales and application of a water management model at plot scale. The data at all scales indicate that evaporation constitutes a major hydrological output. Accurate determination of watershed evapotranspiration depends upon appropriate accounting for the various components of evapotranspiration and their areal and temporal variability. An application of a water management model has revealed that the ranking of the sensitivity of input parameters depends upon the method of determination of evapotranspiration.     

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS FOR SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE AND SUBIRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN ONTARIO,CANADA1

ABSTRACT: Artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed to simulate fluctuations in midspan water table depths (WTD) given rainfall, potential evapotranspiration, and irrigation inputs on a Brookston clay loam in Woodslee, Ontario, having a dual‐purpose subsurface drainage/subirrigation setup. Water table depths and meteorologic data collected at this site from 1992 to 1994 and from 1996 to 1997 were used to train the ANNs. The ANNs were then used for real‐time control and time series simulations. The lowest root mean squared errors (RMSE) for the various ANNs were 60.6 mm for real‐time control simulation, and 88.4 mm for time‐series simulation of water table depths. It was possible to simulate WTD for the different modes of water table management in one network by incorporating an indicator for switching from one to the other. The ANN simulations were quite good even though the training data sets had irregular measurement intervals. With fewer input parameters and small network structures, ANNs still provided accurate results and required little time for training and execution. ANNs are therefore easier and faster to develop and run than conventional models and can contribute to the proper management of subsurface drainage and subirrigation systems.     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM A BULRUSH‐DOMINATED WETLAND IN THE KLAMATH BASIN,OREGON1

ABSTRACT: Growing‐season evapotranspiration and surface energy and water balances were investigated for an extensive, bulrush‐dominated wetland in the Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge of south‐central Oregon, a semi‐arid region with competing demands for scarce water resources. Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat were measured by eddy covariance for 1.2 to 1.9 days during each of four site visits during late‐May to mid‐October 1997. Mean daytime latent heat flux and the Bowen ratio ranged from 148 to 178 W m^?2 and from 0.38 to 0.51, respectively, during late May, mid‐July, and late August site visits. By mid‐October, when the plant canopy had senesced, daytime latent heat flux and the Bowen ratio averaged 46 W m^?2 and 2.8, respectively. An hourly Penman‐Monteith (PM) model that was fitted to the surface‐flux data provided values for the surface resistance to water‐vapor diffusion that ranged from 78 s m^?1 during late August to 206 s m^?1 during mid‐October. Similarly, a Priestley‐Taylor (PT) model provided values for the PT multiplier (a) that ranged from 0.96 during late August to 0.37 during mid‐October. The PM and PT models predicted evapotranspiration totals of 560 and 480 mm, respectively, for May 28 to October 12, 1997.