粤北大宝山酸性矿山废水的稀土元素地球化学特征

在粤北大宝山多金属矿槽对坑和铁龙尾矿库酸性矿山废水,选取不同p H水体的9个采样点,进行水样和底泥的稀土元素以及水样的重金属元素分析,探讨酸性矿山废水的稀土元素地球化学特征以及p H值对酸性水的稀土元素含量和分布的影响。结果表明:(1)该矿山酸性矿山废水的稀土总量及轻重稀土比值较高:槽对坑水样稀土总量为115.71~1 307.68μg/L,LREE/HREE比值为7.45~13.59;铁龙水样稀土总量为6.86~2 498.83μg/L,LREE/HREE比值为6.32~10.98。稀土元素北美页岩标准化分布模式呈略为右倾的重稀土元素亏损模式,Gd为正异常,与底泥的稀土元素分布模式相似,但水样中Ce呈正异常。(2)酸性水的稀土总量明显受p H值控制,p H值越低,水样的稀土总量越高;在p H3时,水样的稀土总量显著增高,达812μg/L以上。(3)影响酸性水稀土元素地球化学行为的关键p H值为3;p H3不仅有利于稀土在水体富集,而且会使水体发生富含Ce和中稀土元素(MREE)的稀土分异作用。(4)在p H4时,水体同时富集稀土元素和Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Cd等重金属元素。     

Open data and stormwater systems in Los Angeles: applications for equitable green infrastructure

Urban stormwater systems traditionally used “grey” infrastructure to manage runoff. Contemporary designs now incorporate “green” infrastructure, which offers additional potential benefits such as urban amenities and health. Understanding how green and grey infrastructure investments are distributed across urban areas is important for new goals of promoting environmental justice in planning. In California, for instance, public investments increasingly require a percentage of funds to be spent in disadvantaged communities. Recent advancements in the availability of high-detail geographic data in cities can support prioritising investments to fulfil these multiple benefits. This paper analyses the distribution of stormwater infrastructure in Los Angeles (LA) County in relation to design criteria, urban structure and sociodemographic information. It demonstrates an approach for identifying projects that simultaneously address engineering needs and promote equity. Statistical analysis of high-detail sewer locations reveals geographic correlations with key local design parameters, urban characteristics and sociodemographic indicators. Watershed areas in LA County were identified that support multi-benefit projects, meeting dual criteria for infrastructure improvements and disadvantaged community status. As stormwater systems are increasingly designed for multi-benefit outcomes, new design frameworks can emphasise both performance and social equity.     

瓦斯抽采钻孔棱状钻杆排渣原理数值模拟

为分析棱状类钻杆应用于松软突出煤层钻进存在优势的原因,基于流体力学理论,建立了棱状钻杆排渣模型,采用有限元方法,应用标准κ-ε模型方程进行计算,对钻杆旋转与周边流体相互作用的流场特征进行分析.结果表明,在钻杆棱角处形成“低压高速区”,棱边处形成“高压低速区”,钻杆棱边壁面流体产生速度、压力波动差,从而在“高压低速区”钻杆壁面形成强烈的“压差涡流”现象,减少了钻屑在孔底堆积致使钻孔堵塞的概率.应用棱状钻杆在松软突出煤层中施工钻孔,钻进深度提高34.6％,钻进效率提高21.1％,钻孔达标率由9.8％提高到48.3％,试验期间,钻杆强度可靠,未出现丢钻、断钻现象.     

高瓦斯易自燃矿井漏风规律测试分析与研究

针对高瓦斯易自燃矿井瓦斯抽采引起采空区和破裂煤柱区域漏风增大的问题,以试验矿井金一、金二采区为例,运用通风压能测定与示踪技术相结合的联合检测,研究了矿井开采过程中的漏风规律。研究表明,在瓦斯抽采作用下试验矿井的工作面、邻近层、采空区以及密闭之间存在大量的漏风通道,漏风风速较大,达到6.53~12.26 m/min,漏风问题比较严重。从控制漏风角度提出综合治理方法可以掌握漏风规律,严控漏风通道,加强自燃监测,预防自燃事故。根据漏风规律测试结果,在主要漏风通道处,应用增挂帘布、喷涂堵漏材料、飞灰充填或水砂充填等措施堵漏控制漏风,保证了矿井的安全生产。     

Variable Source Area Hydrology Modeling with the Water Erosion Prediction Project Model

In nondegraded watersheds of humid climates, subsurface flow patterns determine where the soil saturates and where surface runoff is occurring. Most models necessarily use infiltration‐excess (i.e., Hortonian) runoff for predicting runoff and associated constituents because subsurface flow algorithms are not included in the model. In this article, we modify the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to simulate subsurface flow correctly and to predict the spatial and temporal location of saturation, the associated lateral flow and surface runoff, and the location where the water can re‐infiltrate. The modified model, called WEPP‐UI, correctly simulated the hillslope drainage data from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory hillslope plot. We applied WEPP‐UI to convex, concave, and S‐shaped hillslope profiles, and found that multiple overland flow elements are needed to simulate distributed lateral flow and runoff well. Concave slopes had the greatest runoff, while convex slopes had the least. Our findings concur with observations in watersheds with saturation‐excess overland flow that most surface runoff is generated on lower concave slopes, whereas on convex slopes runoff infiltrates before reaching the stream. Since the WEPP model is capable of simulating both saturation‐excess and infiltration‐excess runoff, we expect that this model will be a powerful tool in the future for managing water quality.     

我国北方小流域硫酸参与碳酸盐矿物化学风化过程研究

硫酸参与碳酸盐岩的风化机制及与区域碳循环的关系是全球气候变化研究的重要课题.选择我国北方小流域(沁河)为研究对象,结合水化学及溶解性无机碳碳同位素组成,通过化学计算法,分析了河水溶解性组分的来源及混入比例,验证了硫酸参与区域碳酸盐的风化过程.结果表明:河水阳离子以Ca2+和Mg2+为主,阴离子以HCO-3和SO2-4为主;沁河流域碳酸盐岩风化、大气输入及蒸发盐溶解对河水阳离子贡献较大,平均比例分别为48.5%、35.3%和14.1%,硅酸盐风化和人为输入贡献比例较小,平均比例分别为1.7%和0.6%;沁河流域碳酸盐类、硅酸盐类及蒸发盐类风化速率分别为8.41、0.07和2.43 t·km-2·a-1,碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物风化CO2消耗量分别为1.43×105mol·km-2·a-1和0.03×105mol·km-2·a-1;沁河流域硫酸参与碳酸盐风化产生的CO2净释放量为0.63×105mol·km-2·a-1,小于我国南方喀斯特地区CO2净释放量,可能与不同的气候条件及硫化物赋存条件和含量等有关.     

分散式污水生态处理系统及应用

介绍了一种基于生态工程技术的低费用、低能耗的分散式污水处理系统(生物-地下渗滤).分析了2003-2005年该系统氮、磷去除效果的动态变化特征.结果表明,NH4 -N的去除受温度变化的影响较大,每年7-9月去除效果最好,12月和1-3月去除效果最差;温度对磷的去除影响很小;COD、SS、TI、细菌总数、NH4 -N等污染物的去除率分别达到89.2%±1.4%、86.8%±1.8%、88.2%±3.4%、98.3%±0.1%、62.8%±3.2%,出水水质符合生活杂用水水质标准(CJ 251-89)和沈阳市污水处理中水回用标准,处理效果稳定.     

长江三角洲地区海相沉积物母质土壤对Cu的吸附解吸特性

分别以长江三角洲地区海相沉积物母质土壤的表层土和心层土为例,考察了其对重金属Cu的吸附、解吸及固定特性,目的是了解其在不同土壤结构的存在形态和迁移特性。研究表明：不同表层土和心层土的铜吸附容量可用Langmuir,Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温方程拟合,其中以Langmuir方程吻合度最高,回归计算出的最大吸附容量与实验结果基本一致;而其解吸动力学大部分符合指数方式。研究发现,大多数土壤的心层土的最大吸附容量大于表层土,解吸量小于表层土;表层土中对Cu的固定吸附量最大的是滩涂泥,最小的是滩砂泥;心层土中对Cu的固定吸附量最大的是滩潮土,最小的是滩砂泥。不同土壤对Cu的固定吸附量存在差异性,这与土壤自身的pH、OM等多种因素有关, 一般pH值大、OM值高的土壤对Cu的固定吸附量越大.     

Effects of Drainage‐Basin Geomorphology on Insectivorous Bird Abundance in Temperate Forests

Abstract: Interfaces between terrestrial and stream ecosystems often enhance species diversity and population abundance of ecological communities beyond levels that would be expected separately from both the ecosystems. Nevertheless, no study has examined how stream configuration within a watershed influences the population of terrestrial predators at the drainage‐basin scale. We examined the habitat and abundance relationships of forest insectivorous birds in eight drainage basins in a cool temperate forest of Japan during spring and summer. Each basin has different drainage‐basin geomorphology, such as the density and frequency of stream channels. In spring, when terrestrial arthropod prey biomass is limited, insectivorous birds aggregated in habitats closer to streams, where emerging aquatic prey was abundant. Nevertheless, birds ceased to aggregate around streams in summer because terrestrial prey became plentiful. Watershed‐scale analyses showed that drainage basins with longer stream channels per unit area sustained higher densities of insectivorous birds. Moreover, such effects of streams on birds continued from spring through summer, even though birds dispersed out of riparian areas in the summer. Although our data are from only a single year, our findings imply that physical modifications of stream channels may reduce populations of forest birds; thus, they emphasize the importance of landscape‐based management approaches that consider both stream and forest ecosystems for watershed biodiversity conservation.     

Fe(II)-mediated transformation of schwertmannite associated with calcium from acid mine drainage treatment

Schwertmannite is an important Fe(III)-oxyhydroxysulfate in acid mine drainage (AMD) polluted areas and its stability depends on surrounding environmental factors and previously bound elements. The treatment and neutralization of AMD normally involve the use of lime, which leads to the discharge of abundant Ca in the mining area. Such an environmental disturbance brings up an important and less considered problem of how the reductive transformation of schwertmannite associated with coexisting Ca occurred. Here, the Fe(II)-mediated transformation of Ca-adsorbed schwertmannite and subsequent Ca repartitioning behaviors were investigated. Results showed that adsorbed Ca had a weak inhibitory effect on Fe(II)-mediated schwertmannite transformation. Release of SO₄²⁻ and SEM images both indicated that transformation rates of schwertmannite decreased under the influence of adsorbed Ca. XRD patterns indicated that adsorbed Ca altered schwertmannite transformation pathways and product compositions upon treatment with 0.4 mmol/L Fe(II). The end products of Sch notably contained both goethite and lepidocrocite; however, transformation products of SchCa only contained goethite all along. Approximately 33.5% of the surface adsorbed-Ca was released into solution within 6 hr after Fe(II) injection. Aqueous Ca behaved in a “first release and then im-mobilization” manner, which indicated dissolution and secondary mineralization drove Ca migration during the Fe(II)-mediated transformation of SchCa. Adsorbed Ca blocked the surface sites for subsequent Fe(II) adsorption, limited the Fe(II)-Fe(III) ETAE, and decreased the transformation rates. This work sheds light on the complex geochemical behavior of schwertmannite under the influences of environmental perturbations in AMD environments.