分流制泵站旱流放江对受纳河道水质的影响

为了探明分流制泵站旱流放江对受纳河道的影响,以上海市中心城区典型分流制系统Z泵站为例,研究了旱流放江对受纳河道水质的影响。结果显示:（1）受泵站放江的影响,河道COD、硫化物以及氨氮的增幅分别为0.23%～37.68%、7.4%～76.19%、10.60%～76.15%;（2）旱流放江污染物对河道水质的影响有显著差异,其中COD与氨氮浓度的下降主要源于水体的稀释扩散作用;而H₂S、FeS等硫化物浓度的降低则更多的受到氧化还原反应的影响;（3）Z泵站旱流放江对Z河水质的显著影响范围为泵站排放口上下游40 m范围内,对黄浦江水质的影响则总体不大。     

温岭市排水工程的规划设计

从温岭市的排水工程规划设计出发,针对其水资源缺乏和水环境恶化的现状,从水资源可持续发展的角度提出了污水厂水量平衡、相邻城镇污水分散处理、中水回用和采用生物生态组合型污水处理工艺等策略,并提出了促进城市水资源合理利用的有效措施,对城市排水工程规划设计具有重要的参考价值。     

基于覆岩破坏传递的超前自卸压区影响宽度研究*

为确定超前自卸压区的宽度,将其更好地应用于边采边抽钻孔布置中,探讨影响超前自卸压范围的主要因素,揭示卸压区宽度与工作面超前支承压力的内在联系,根据压力拱曲线平移特性,提出在覆岩破坏传递过程中,冒落带随回采周期性垮落,造成超前支承压力重分布,简化工作面开采模型,推导计算卸压区宽度的理论新方法并进行现场试验验证。结果表明:通过实测采面前方顺层钻孔的瓦斯抽采纯量,确定超前自卸压区宽度为28~30 m;距工作面＞20~40 m范围为卸压瓦斯高效抽采区,平均瓦斯抽采纯量0.074 m³/min,为卸压前的3.89倍;考虑覆岩破坏传递的超前自卸压区宽度计算值为29.97 m。计算值与实测结果较吻合,验证该方法的可行性,为井下卸压区高效抽采提供借鉴。     

Effects of Drainage‐Basin Geomorphology on Insectivorous Bird Abundance in Temperate Forests

Abstract: Interfaces between terrestrial and stream ecosystems often enhance species diversity and population abundance of ecological communities beyond levels that would be expected separately from both the ecosystems. Nevertheless, no study has examined how stream configuration within a watershed influences the population of terrestrial predators at the drainage‐basin scale. We examined the habitat and abundance relationships of forest insectivorous birds in eight drainage basins in a cool temperate forest of Japan during spring and summer. Each basin has different drainage‐basin geomorphology, such as the density and frequency of stream channels. In spring, when terrestrial arthropod prey biomass is limited, insectivorous birds aggregated in habitats closer to streams, where emerging aquatic prey was abundant. Nevertheless, birds ceased to aggregate around streams in summer because terrestrial prey became plentiful. Watershed‐scale analyses showed that drainage basins with longer stream channels per unit area sustained higher densities of insectivorous birds. Moreover, such effects of streams on birds continued from spring through summer, even though birds dispersed out of riparian areas in the summer. Although our data are from only a single year, our findings imply that physical modifications of stream channels may reduce populations of forest birds; thus, they emphasize the importance of landscape‐based management approaches that consider both stream and forest ecosystems for watershed biodiversity conservation.     

Fe(II)-mediated transformation of schwertmannite associated with calcium from acid mine drainage treatment

Schwertmannite is an important Fe(III)-oxyhydroxysulfate in acid mine drainage (AMD) polluted areas and its stability depends on surrounding environmental factors and previously bound elements. The treatment and neutralization of AMD normally involve the use of lime, which leads to the discharge of abundant Ca in the mining area. Such an environmental disturbance brings up an important and less considered problem of how the reductive transformation of schwertmannite associated with coexisting Ca occurred. Here, the Fe(II)-mediated transformation of Ca-adsorbed schwertmannite and subsequent Ca repartitioning behaviors were investigated. Results showed that adsorbed Ca had a weak inhibitory effect on Fe(II)-mediated schwertmannite transformation. Release of SO₄²⁻ and SEM images both indicated that transformation rates of schwertmannite decreased under the influence of adsorbed Ca. XRD patterns indicated that adsorbed Ca altered schwertmannite transformation pathways and product compositions upon treatment with 0.4 mmol/L Fe(II). The end products of Sch notably contained both goethite and lepidocrocite; however, transformation products of SchCa only contained goethite all along. Approximately 33.5% of the surface adsorbed-Ca was released into solution within 6 hr after Fe(II) injection. Aqueous Ca behaved in a “first release and then im-mobilization” manner, which indicated dissolution and secondary mineralization drove Ca migration during the Fe(II)-mediated transformation of SchCa. Adsorbed Ca blocked the surface sites for subsequent Fe(II) adsorption, limited the Fe(II)-Fe(III) ETAE, and decreased the transformation rates. This work sheds light on the complex geochemical behavior of schwertmannite under the influences of environmental perturbations in AMD environments.     

On the Relationship Between Mean and Variance of Soil Moisture Fields1

Abstract: The objective of this work was to explain an apparent contradiction in the literature related to the relationship between mean and variance (or standard deviation) of soil moisture fields. Some studies found an increase in soil moisture variance with decreasing mean soil moisture, while others showed a decrease. The evidence of maximum variance in the mid‐range of mean soil moisture was also reported in the literature. In this paper, we focus on the effects of spatial variability of soil texture on the relationship between variance and mean of soil moisture during soil dry‐down processes. Soil texture influences soil moisture mean and variance through its direct effects on evaporation and drainage, which are two main factors controlling soil drying. A differential equation describing soil moisture dry down is proposed and studied. Our study shows that as mean soil moisture is greater than a threshold, variance increases with decreasing mean soil moisture. If mean soil moisture is less than the threshold, variance decreases with decreasing mean soil moisture. The threshold depends on soil texture and is between the field capacity and the wilting point. The soil moisture dry‐down equation is also applied to explain the apparent contradiction with regard to the relationship between mean and variance of soil moisture fields reported in the literature.     

Process-based reactive transport modeling of a permeable reactive barrier for the treatment of mine drainage

Reactive transport modeling of a permeable reactive barrier for the treatment of mine drainage was used to integrate a comprehensive data set including pore water chemistry and solid phase data from several sampling events over a >3-year time period. The simulations consider the reduction of sulfate by the organic carbon-based treatment material and the removal of sulfate and iron by precipitation of reduced mineral phases including iron monosulfides and siderite. Additional parameters constraining the model include dissolved H2S, alkalinity and pH, as well as a suite of solid phase S-fractions identified by extractions. Influences of spatial heterogeneity necessitated the use of a 2-dimensional modeling approach. Simulating observed seasonal fluctuations and long-term changes in barrier reactivity required the use of temperature dependent rate coefficients and a multimodal Monod-type rate expression accounting for the variable reactivity of different organic carbon fractions. Simulated dissolved concentrations of SO4, Fe, H2S, alkalinity and pH, as well as solid phase accumulations of reduced sulfur phases generally compare well to observed trends over 23 months. Spatial variations, seasonal fluctuations and the time-dependent decline in reactivity were also captured. The modeling results generally confirm, and further strengthen, the existing conceptual model for the site. Overall sulfate reduction and S-accumulation rates are constrained with confidence within a factor of 1.5.     

Trends in sediment metal concentrations in the River Avoca, South-East Ireland

Variation in sediment metal concentrations in the River Avoca, which is severely polluted by acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the abandoned sulphur and copper mines in Avoca, is reported. A survey of surface and subsurface sediments was repeated after seven years during exceptionally low flow conditions in 2001. The present study found that the reference (up-stream) site used in the original 1994 study was itself impacted by AMD, showing sediment metal enrichment by AMD to be greater than originally thought. The new reference site contained elevated Pb (570 µg g^–1) in the subsurface sediment due to abandoned Pb-Zn mines 25 km further upstream. Concentrations of Cu (43 µg g^–1), Zn (349 µg g^–1) and Fe (4.0%) were normal for uncontaminated rivers. All the downstream sites showed sediment metal enrichment arising from the AMD (Cu and Zn p < 0.001; Fe p < 0.01). Subsurface concentrations of metals immediately below the mixing zone were Cu 904 µg g–1 (sd 335), Zn 723 µg g–1 (sd 93), Fe 6.3% (sd 1.5) and Pb 463 µg g^–1 (sd 279). Monthly variation in metal concentrations at sites was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Although surface sediment metal concentrations were more variable, they followed similar trends to subsurface sediment. There were no significant differences in the subsurface sediment concentrations for either Cu or Zn over the period 1994 and 2001 immediately below the mines, although at the lowest site Zn had decreased by 35% over the period (p < 0.01). However there was a significant (p < 0.01) decrease over the period in the Fe concentration at all the impacted sites. This corresponds to a reduction in Fe concentration in the AMD and indicates that some remediation has occurred in the river since 1994.     

渍害田地下排水技术与江汉平原农业综合开发

江汉平原是全国重点开发区域之一。本文由分析江汉平原的资源优势及其主要后备资源渍害中低产田入手,以科学试验资料为依据,从理论与实践的结合上,阐述了地下排水技术是改造渍害中低产田的治本措施,进而说明了该项技术的推广应用是江汉平原农业综合开发的主体和关键。     

城镇河流CO2及CH4排放与市政排水管网污水输入的关联影响

城镇污染河流日益剧增的碳排放是当前我国许多城市共同面临的环境问题.本研究以上海市市郊城镇河网R1与中心城区河流R2为研究对象,监测了其在旱天与雨天条件下的CO_2及CH_4排放特征,分析了城镇河流污染程度及类型与碳排放的关联影响,并同时解释了市政排水管网污水输入影响城镇河流CO_2及CH_4排放的机制过程.结果表明:①旱天时,中心城区河流的CO_2与CH_4平均排放通量为(2.48±1.02)mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)与(1.21×10~(-2)±0.71×10~(-2)) mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1),市郊城镇河网的CO_2与CH_4的平均排放通量则为(1.53±0.39)mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)与(9.26×10~(-3)±9.18×10~(-3)) mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1).雨天时,受市政排水管网污水影响,中心城区河流泵站下游的水体的CH_4通量大幅增加,可达旱天时的119倍;②本研究与全球其他河流碳排放统计数据进一步表明,城镇河流碳排放与本身污染水平存在关联性,总体上污染程度高的河流碳排放强度也高;③从PCA相关性分析结果来看,河流有机污染是影响碳排放的重要因素,这在中心城区河流与市郊城镇河网中都有体现;河流碳排放与氮污染的相关性随区域下垫面利用类型不同而有所不同;在污染较轻的城镇河流中,水体物理因子也是一个重要的影响因素;④排水管网污水输入对城镇河流碳排放的影响,体现在短期内向河流中输入的大量CH_4,以及长期上强化受纳河流碳物质赋存及循环,并进一步提高河流本身的CO_2与CH_4排放潜势.