去除矿井水处理构筑物中藻类的应用研究

针对部分矿井水处理构筑物中藻类大量滋生繁殖的现状,研究了除藻剂硫酸铜对构筑物中的藻类去除情况,重点考察了硫酸铜的适宜投加量和持续作用时间.工业性试验表明,硫酸铜的投加量1.0 mg/L左右,持续投加时间为一周左右,可有效地去除矿井水处理构筑物中的藻类.     

Development and valuation of adaptation pathways for storm water management infrastructure

Policymakers today are faced with a difficult task of planning for large scale infrastructure that can cater to the climatic and socio-economic changes that the future will bring. To address the deeply uncertain nature resulting from long-term changes, it is becoming necessary to develop strategies that support flexibility and react more strategically than traditional planning approaches. This paper applies the concept of adaptation tipping points and adaptation pathways to a case study in Singapore for the planning of long-term urban drainage infrastructure. Using conventional grey and sustainable green solutions in isolation and in combination, adaptation pathway maps are developed and compared across outlined climatic and landuse scenarios. To understand and justify if the imparted flexibility is worth its cost, economic assessments are performed. This is a valuable extension of the existing framework, helps to identify the preferred configuration of land use and sub-select adaptation actions that should be implemented at the current time frame. The main finding of this study is that the adaptation pathways map for the sustainable grey landuse scenario economically outperforms those of the other outlined land uses. This provides a valuable insight for policy makers, as it implies that if carefully planned development is undertaken, the requirements of storm water management can be met in a sustainable manner, while simultaneously freeing up land for other purposes. This is especially important in the context of highly dense urban areas such as Singapore, where land is a scare resource.     

铁锰在贵州阿哈湖沉积物中的分离

贵州阿哈湖 1982年扩容后 ,长期受到煤矿废水的污染 ,大量铁、锰元素随废水带入湖中 .研究发现 :主要来自酸性矿山废水的还原态溶解铁、锰离子在入湖向下游迁移过程中发生了显著地分离 .受岩溶地区湖泊较强的酸中和能力及近年人为石灰投放的影响 ,湖泊未被酸化 ,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺在入湖运移过程中由于氧化速率的差异 ,在不同的湖区发生沉积 ,形成了铁、锰在水平迁移上的明显分离 ;锰在深湖区上层沉积物中富集现象明显 ,并在沉积深度上与铁形成垂向上的显著分离 .经过陆源校正 ,证实铁、锰在阿哈湖的显著分离的开始是对该湖扩容事件的响应 .扩容后下游沉积物中铁含量逐渐减少 ,孔隙水中溶解铁分布特征也指示铁还原作用主要发生在沉积物下层 ,表明铁在沉积后再迁移能力较弱 .锰还原过程则发生在上层沉积物中 ,再迁移能力很强 .本研究还提出了来自煤矿废水的Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺在入湖水平运移过程中 ,铁、锰逐步分离、富集以及在沉积深度上的分离模式 .     

利用累积NDVI估算黄河流域年蒸散量

地表蒸散的准确估算在流域水资源的评价、干旱监测及农作物产量模拟研究中很重要,论文通过建立年蒸散量与累积NDVI及相对湿润指数之间的关系,利用1982～2000年8km分辨率的AVHRRNDVI资料及月平均气温和月降水量资料,对黄河流域近20年来地表蒸散的时空分布进行了分析,并利用水文站径流观测资料对估算结果进行了检验。结果表明,黄河流域多年平均年蒸散量是389mm,年际间变化很大,空间分布格局是东南部蒸散量最大,其次是兰州以上区间,宁蒙河段及鄂尔多斯高原蒸散量最小;全流域平均蒸散估算误差比较小,吻合比较好。     

国外尾矿酸性排水和重金属淋滤作用研究进展

尾矿引起的环境问题是水 气 矿物在地表条件下发生复杂反应的综合结果。近年来 ,国外学者研究显示 ,发生在尾矿中的风化作用不仅仅有硫化物的氧化作用 ,而且还伴随有机物氧化作用 ,碳酸盐等矿物中和作用 ,次生矿物沉淀作用、结晶作用、胶结作用 ,矿物交代蚀变作用、吸附作用、离子交换作用以及生物作用。上述各种作用互相影响 ,互相制约。目前 ,最新研究表明 ,许多因素都会影响尾矿风化作用 ,这些因素主要包括 :尾矿原生矿物组成、成因、化学成分、表面积和形态 ;尾矿酸中和潜力 ;溶液pH值 ;次生矿物形成及其吸附、离子交换、胶结作用 ;溶液中Fe3+离子的浓度 ;有机物的种类和含量 ;尾矿粒度分布和空隙度 ;气候条件和尾矿的水文地质环境     

IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDBACK PROCESSES IN PLANT WATER USAGE AND RESULTING CLIMATE CHANGE1

ABSTRACT: Increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has the secondary effect on plants of reducing transpiration. The degree of reduction in transpiration has been studied mostly at the leaf scale and as such, has not taken feedbacks into account that come into play when the plant canopy or the atmosphere as a whole is considered. The objective of this paper is to examine the role of negative feedback processes that act through the dynamics of the canopy and the atmosphere. This is done through the application of two canopy models, one of which is later coupled to a full Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) called GENESIS. The results suggest that the reduction in transpiration in a double CO₂ environment compared to present day will not be as considerable as the leaf scale experiments suggest ‐ a 7 percent reduction compared to 15 to 57 percent when feedbacks are considered. At the regional scale, precipitation patterns appear to be the primary factor in determining evapotranspiration. The implications for agriculture, in terms of water usage, would therefore not seem to be as acute as the leaf scale experiments depict. Regarding climate change, there is a suggestion that regional water usage may vary from present day values in certain areas.     

石灰石沟-堆肥湿地系统处理酸性矿山废水的研究

为探讨石灰石沟-潜流堆肥湿地系统处理酸性矿山废水(AMD)的效果及影响因素,进行了6个月模拟试验,测定出水水质和植物生长等相关的影响因素.结果表明,石灰石沟可有效提高AMD的pH值,降低其酸度与重金属含量,但随着石灰石沟中氢氧化物的积累,后期处理性能下降;堆肥湿地可显著降低AMD的酸度与重金属,出水酸度随时间持续降低,出水的Cd、Pb在检测限以下,Zn、Cu平均浓度分别为1.8mg/L, 2.6μg/L,均达到农业灌溉水标准,而无前置堆肥的普通湿地后期Cd、Zn、Cu偏高;东南景天在湿地系统也能正常富积Cd/Zn;狭叶香蒲使堆肥湿地的产碱过程受到抑制,出水酸度升高,但其对堆肥湿地的重金属去除没有产生显著影响.     

Combined reticular blind drainage and vertical hierarchical drainage system for landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level

A novel water control technology that combines the features of a reticular blind drainage system and a vertical hierarchical drainage system is developed and applied in the Yanziyan Sanitary Landfill, which is located at an area (Loudi City, Hunan Province, China) with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The reticular blind drain system, which was installed on the bottom and side walls of the landfill site, can conveniently guide the flow of groundwater out of the site while preventing a disorganized flow of groundwater. The vertical hierarchical drainage system was installed to separate rainfall water and leachate in the landfill site, thus efficiently reducing the pressure of leachate treatment. The whole drainage system plays a key role in foundation stabilization by seepage control and separation and in the instant drainage of rainfall water. The leachate reduction efficiency of the drainage technology was calculated in terms of leachate production before (336519 m³) and after (29664 m³) technology application. Over 90% of leachate derived from rainfall water and groundwater inflow was avoided upon installation of the vertical hierarchical drainage and reticular blind drainage systems. The technology can thus be popularized and applied for water control in landfills located in areas with high rainfall and high groundwater level. The proposed technology can be used to alleviate the pressure of leachate treatment and to reduce the risk of instability.     

Toxic mine drainage from Asia’s biggest copper mine at Malanjkhand,India

This paper has studied the environmental deterioration due to copper mining in Malanjkhand at Central-east India. No data is available on environmental degradation at the studied site although geological aspects are well studied. Mine drainage from the mines is definitively toxic. The site is also undergoing various stages of acid mine drainage (AMD) particularly from the heap leaching sites and the tailing area. AMD impacted water steam and sediment were also analysed. Results show substantial level of contamination of almost all segments of environment. Presence of elevated level of other heavy metal viz. Au, Ag, Pb, Cr, Cd, Fe, Cu and base metals like Na, K in AMD impacted water and sediments is due to metal leaching effect of AMD. Bio monitoring with the help of benthic macro invertebrates and metal accumulation in plants was also carried to know the impact of the toxic drainage. Results prove a very significant impact on the environmental health.     

竖井排灌工程对环境影响的研究

新疆阿克苏地区乌什县依麻木竖井排灌工程是根据国务院批准的<塔里木河近期综合规划报告>、<阿克苏河流域灌区节水改造工程五年实施方案>中提出的在阿克苏河流域内新建的竖井排灌工程项目.项目的实施必将给乌什县秋格尔灌区的环境带来一定程度的影响.在系统地分析了项目区环境现状的基础上,从项目施工、水资源利用、地下水水位、灌区土壤盐渍化、社会环境等方面详细研究了工程实施后对灌区环境的影响.分析认为:竖井排灌工程不会对灌区的环境造成大的影响;不会影响灌区地下水资源的利用,相反还朝有利的方向发展;不会导致灌区地下水位的持续下降,更不会造成地下水资源的枯竭;工程的实施可以改善灌区内的土壤盐渍化问题.竖井排灌工程产生的灌溉效益达545.22×104元.最后为灌区的可持续发展提出了建议.