污灌条件下非离子表面活性剂对土壤中有机农药迁移的影响研究

采用振荡平衡法和淋洗法,研究了污灌条件下非离子表面活性剂Tween－80在表层土壤和深层土壤上的吸附行为及其对有机农药甲萘威迁移的影响。结果表明：在振荡平衡条件下,低Tween－80浓度的污水灌溉会促进甲萘威在表层土壤中的吸附,而高Tween－80浓度的污水灌溉会抑制甲萘威在深层土壤中的吸附;在淋洗条件下,Tween－80在深层土壤中表现出较强的吸附能力。     

Variable Source Area Hydrology Modeling with the Water Erosion Prediction Project Model

In nondegraded watersheds of humid climates, subsurface flow patterns determine where the soil saturates and where surface runoff is occurring. Most models necessarily use infiltration‐excess (i.e., Hortonian) runoff for predicting runoff and associated constituents because subsurface flow algorithms are not included in the model. In this article, we modify the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to simulate subsurface flow correctly and to predict the spatial and temporal location of saturation, the associated lateral flow and surface runoff, and the location where the water can re‐infiltrate. The modified model, called WEPP‐UI, correctly simulated the hillslope drainage data from the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory hillslope plot. We applied WEPP‐UI to convex, concave, and S‐shaped hillslope profiles, and found that multiple overland flow elements are needed to simulate distributed lateral flow and runoff well. Concave slopes had the greatest runoff, while convex slopes had the least. Our findings concur with observations in watersheds with saturation‐excess overland flow that most surface runoff is generated on lower concave slopes, whereas on convex slopes runoff infiltrates before reaching the stream. Since the WEPP model is capable of simulating both saturation‐excess and infiltration‐excess runoff, we expect that this model will be a powerful tool in the future for managing water quality.     

黄河上游灌区连作稻田N2O排放特征及影响因素

黄河上游灌区高产连作稻田氮肥的过量施用引起土壤氮素盈余,进而导致稻田N2O排放量增大.为了探明水稻连作模式下稻田N2O排放特征及影响因素,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,开展了为期2年的连作水稻田试验研究.试验共设置3个施氮处理,包括常规氮肥300kg.hm-2(N300)、优化氮肥240kg.hm-2(N240)和对照不施氮肥(N0),并在稻田连作的第2年,对N240处理灌溉节水30%.2年连作试验结果表明,水稻生长季稻田N2O排放主要发生在水稻施基肥后及水稻生长的中后期,在稻田灌水泡田后N2O排放速率达最大值.稻田高氮肥(300kg.hm-2)施用显著增加N2O的排放量,优化氮肥(240kg.hm-2)处理可有效降低土壤N2O排放量(p<0.01).水稻生长季稻田淹水状态时N2O排放量极低,稻田灌溉节水会相应增加土壤N2O排放量.土壤温度变化对稻田N2O的生成和排放会产生较大影响,但受稻田肥水管理等因素的影响,温度与N2O排放量相关性不显著.灌区稻田土壤N2O排放通量与田面水NO3--N含量变化及耕层0～40cm土壤NO3--N积累量变化有显著的相关性.稻田连作显著增加了耕层土壤剖面0～40cm土层NO3--N的积累量,耕层土壤NO3--N积累量的增加进而加大了土壤N2O排放的风险.在宁夏黄灌区稻田常规灌水和高氮肥(300kg.hm-2)水平下,2年连作稻田水稻生长季土壤N2O总排放量分别达55.98×104kg.a-1和51.48×104kg.a-1,在100a时间尺度上的全球增温潜势(GWPs)均值为16.02×107kg.hm-2(以CO2计),表明黄灌上游灌区高氮肥施用导致稻田N2O排放量增大,由此引起的增温潜势严重.     

分散式污水生态处理系统及应用

介绍了一种基于生态工程技术的低费用、低能耗的分散式污水处理系统(生物-地下渗滤).分析了2003-2005年该系统氮、磷去除效果的动态变化特征.结果表明,NH4 -N的去除受温度变化的影响较大,每年7-9月去除效果最好,12月和1-3月去除效果最差;温度对磷的去除影响很小;COD、SS、TI、细菌总数、NH4 -N等污染物的去除率分别达到89.2%±1.4%、86.8%±1.8%、88.2%±3.4%、98.3%±0.1%、62.8%±3.2%,出水水质符合生活杂用水水质标准(CJ 251-89)和沈阳市污水处理中水回用标准,处理效果稳定.     

长江三角洲地区海相沉积物母质土壤对Cu的吸附解吸特性

分别以长江三角洲地区海相沉积物母质土壤的表层土和心层土为例,考察了其对重金属Cu的吸附、解吸及固定特性,目的是了解其在不同土壤结构的存在形态和迁移特性。研究表明：不同表层土和心层土的铜吸附容量可用Langmuir,Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温方程拟合,其中以Langmuir方程吻合度最高,回归计算出的最大吸附容量与实验结果基本一致;而其解吸动力学大部分符合指数方式。研究发现,大多数土壤的心层土的最大吸附容量大于表层土,解吸量小于表层土;表层土中对Cu的固定吸附量最大的是滩涂泥,最小的是滩砂泥;心层土中对Cu的固定吸附量最大的是滩潮土,最小的是滩砂泥。不同土壤对Cu的固定吸附量存在差异性,这与土壤自身的pH、OM等多种因素有关, 一般pH值大、OM值高的土壤对Cu的固定吸附量越大.     

复合垂直流与潜流人工湿地沿程脱氮除磷对比研究

针对复合垂直流和潜流人工湿地对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N、NO~3~--N和TN的沿程去除规律进行了对比研究.结果表明,夏季复合垂直流人工湿地的去除效果均好于潜流人工湿地.对于复合垂直流人工湿地,污染物的去除主要集中在下行流池,且在进水端0～20 cm对COD、TP、NH_4~+-N和TN都有快速降解的过程.对于潜流人工湿地,进水端0～40 cm主要是COD和TP的快速降解沉淀,之后硝化作用逐渐加强,潜流人工湿地沿程均会发生反硝化作用,TN浓度基本呈均匀下降趋势.     

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Treated Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Water Deficit Regions1

Al-Juaidi, Ahmed E., Jagath J. Kaluarachchi, and Ungtae Kim, 2010. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Treated Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Water Deficit Regions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):395-411. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00409.x Abstract: Coastal regions such as the Gaza Strip of Palestine with limited freshwater supply suffer significantly due to the rapid depletion of water levels, seawater intrusion, and increased water demands. In such regions, use of treated wastewater (TWW) is a viable option if public health issues are addressed. The goal of this paper is to address the use of TWW in agriculture while considering net benefit, economic efficiency of water use (EEWU), environmental goals, and public health risks. The proposed methodology considers public health risk assessment and multi-criteria decision analysis to assess the beneficial use of TWW in agriculture. The methodology was demonstrated for the Gaza Strip. The health risk assessment suggests that increasing the elapsed time between irrigation and consumption and switching from surface to sprinkler and drip irrigation are practical measures to reduce public health risks. The optimization and decision analyses show that proper allocation of freshwater and TWW and distribution of land area by crop type can significantly increase the net benefit and EEWU. In most cases, net benefit increased by 44%, groundwater use reduced 29% while increasing the EEWU by threefold compared with the existing conditions. The multi-criteria decision analysis with weighted goal programming can develop flexible management options that considers a given decision-maker preference. When groundwater abstraction for agriculture reduced from 57 to 36 Mm³ as per decision analysis, the corresponding area below mean sea level decreased by 58% indicating significant aquifer recovery.     

一种节水灌溉新装置的研究

地下灌溉技术是新发展起来的一种高效节水灌溉技术。这种技术由于具有显著的节水、节肥、增产以及改善土壤环境等优点,因而倍受世界各国的关注。提出了一种节水灌溉新装置,通过在实验室进行下渗等实验,从蒸发和减少深层渗漏两个方面对其节水性进行了分析论证,并在此基础上对装置工作原理和特点进行了简要探讨。     

碱性矿化水灌溉的淋洗分数

耐盐碱试验表明,在生育期内,小麦耐盐能力强于玉米,而耐碱能力弱于玉米.利用0.5-3.5 g/L的碱性矿化水灌溉时,淋洗分数约为4.4%～7.5%.相应地,需要增加的补水量小麦地为3181～