Soils Characteristics of The Bassendean and Spearwood Sands of the Gnangara Mound (Western Australia) and their Controls On Recharge, Water Level Patterns and Solutes of The Superficial Aquifer

The flow pathways of water in the soils of the Gnangara Mound are highly irregular and depend upon the moisture content, the repellency and preferential wettability potential of the soils. The occurrence of preferential flow is more evident in dry soils. As the soil wets during the rainy season, the water repellence and differential wettability decreases, the fingering and the preferential flow paths disappear. Most of the agricultural sites in the Spearwood Sands which showed more irregular flow than the Bassendean Sands are under continuous irrigation during cultivation season. As the repellency problems are chemically treated, it is therefore expected that the flow will be more uniform all the year round. Landuse is mainly responsible for variation in recharge rates; however, the hydraulic properties control aquifer response and water level pattern to a greater degree. Water levels in the mid 1970s were in a semi steady state. Since that time, a combination of increasing water use by pine plantations, heavy pumping from private boreholes in market gardens and private homes and intensive pumping from the Gnangara Mound for the metropolitan water supply have caused water levels to continually decline in the Superficial aquifer. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the regional Superficial aquifer are generally very low. None of the tested pesticides (atrazine, diazinon, dimethoate, endosulfan, fenamiphos, iprodione, malathion and chlorpyrifos) were detected in the groundwater samples collected from the monitoring bores.     

ANALYSIS OF STREAMFLOW TRENDS AND THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1971 TO 20011

An understanding of temporal trends in total stream‐flow (TSF), base flow (BF), and storm runoff (RO) can help in the development of water management plans for watersheds and local communities. In this study, 47 streams across Pennsylvania that were unregulated and unaffected by karst environments or coal mining were studied for flow trends and their relationships to selected climate parameters for the period 1971 to 2001. LOWESS curves for annual flow showed that almost all of the selected streams in Pennsylvania had downward trends in total TSF, BF, and RO. Using a seasonal Mann‐Kendall analysis, downward trends were significant at an α= 0.05 level for 68, percent 70 percent, and 62 percent of the streams and at an α= 0.10 level for another 19, 17, and 13 percent of the streams for TSF, BF, and RO, respectively. The ratio of BF to TSF (RBS) had significant upward trends for 34 percent of the streams at an α= 0.05 level and for another 9 percent of the streams at an α= 0.10 level, indicating that TSF decreased relative to BF for more than 40 percent of the streams during the previous 30 years. Downward trends in TSF, BF, and RO were most common for the months of June, July, and December. Trend analyses using monthly and annual total precipitation and mean temperature showed some association between climate and the streamflow trends, but Spearman's correlation and partial Mann‐Kendall analyses revealed that the trends in TSF, BF, and RO could not be explained by trends in precipitation and temperature alone, and thus urbanization and development may have played a role.     

泥石流灾害的分形研究

复杂性是各个学科面临的共同难题,分形理论作为解决复杂性问题的有力工具被提出以来,得到了广泛的应用.在泥石流灾害中的应用也得到不断深入研究.本文在结合前人研究的基础上,从泥石流发生机理、泥石流堆积、泥石流沟谷形态和水系的发育演化以及泥石流预测四个方面论述了分形理论在泥石流灾害研究中的应用,将分维作为表征泥石流灾害系统的有效参量,揭示了泥石流灾害中的某些规律,反映了泥石流的一些本质现象.     

西部地区重大工程建设中的泥石流灾害 --兼论其与环境的互馈作用

在西部大开发过程中,许多重大工程建设涉及泥石流灾害的问题.讨论了工程活动、泥石流及山地环境之间的相互作用和影响.工程活动往往受到泥石流、山地环境的制约,同时它作为活的因素,又积极地影响着泥石流和山地环境,促使其产生次生演化,泥石流和山地环境的次生演化常会对工程活动产生次生制约.泥石流的发生会危及工程和人类的安全,破坏地表,破坏生态环境;人类工程活动若不遵守自然规律,过度向山地索取,必将导致山地环境退化和泥石流的广泛活动及频繁发生,甚至引起泥石流活动范围扩大和成灾规律改变.     

德宏“7.5”特大滑坡泥石流灾害分析及其对策

受滇缅高压外围强对流天气影响,2004年7月5日云南德宏州的陇川、盈江、瑞丽等县(市)普降暴雨,引发大面积的滑坡、泥石流和山洪灾害,造成死亡18人、失踪24人、直接经济损失4.8亿元的区内近几十年来最严重的灾害。在分析此特大滑坡、泥石流、山洪灾害的活动特点、形成条件和激发因素的基础上,得出今后一段时间该区地质灾害将处于活跃期的评估结论。针对这一状况,提出了应急措施和防灾减灾对策。     

滑坡转化为泥石流机理研究综述

对国内外有关滑坡转化为泥石流的机理的研究做了全面的综述,重点介绍了国外最新的研究成果,阐明了今后研究的方向.滑坡转化为泥石流机理的研究,处于滑坡动力学与泥石流形成学的交叉点,既是学科的边缘问题,也是学科的前沿问题.滑坡转化为泥石流的过程是一个和土体液化密切相关的流态化过程,是土体和水体强烈相互作用的结果.滑坡直接转化为泥石流的机理的两个核心问题是超静孔压的产生和超静孔压的保持.Iverson对这一问题的研究直接促进了滑坡流态化理论的发展,并形成了最新的泥石流运动模型--库伦混合流理论,是对传统的基于流变关系的泥石流模型的重大突破.土体中粘性颗粒对滑坡直接转化为泥石流过程的影响,需要进一步进行研究.滑坡转化为沟谷泥石流是一个更为复杂的过程,是今后研究的重点.     

1999年委内瑞拉阿维拉山北坡入海型泥石流

委内瑞拉阿维拉山呈东一西走向，北坡濒临加勒比海．１９９９年１２月１６日，阿维拉山北坡２０多条沟谷暴发泥石流，使沿海的城镇、村庄、港口、公路及各种设施遭到毁灭性破坏，造成数万人死亡，直接经济损失超过刀亿美元．泥石流发生在森林植被良好的山区，具低频率和群发性特征，规模大，直接入海．分析这次泥石流灾害，对我国的防灾减灾工作具有启示意义．     

USING SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION FOR ALFALFA1

ABSTRACT: A test of the suitability of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) compared to a sprinkler, was conducted on a Kansas producer's field where the soil is loam. The treatments included drip tape spacing of 60, 40, and 30 inches placed at depths of 18 and 12 inches. A nearby plot irrigated by a center pivot sprinkler was seeded to alfalfa and used for comparison. Seedling emergence and yield were adversely affected at 60 inch spacing, while the depth of placement of drip tapes (18 and 12 inches) showed no effect on yield. The site served for education and allowed comparison between SDI tape spacing and center pivot system.     

综放采空区防灭火注氮数值模拟与参数确定

用有限元数值方法 ,求解了综放开采采空区注氮情况下的漏风渗流方程和氧浓度渗流耗散方程 ;结合计算机图形技术 ,直观展示了注氮前后采空区流场、流态和氧浓度分布动态变化 ;模拟了在不同注氮量下注氮控制区边界的变化过程 ,得到控制区边界位置与注氮流量呈负指数关系 ;重点探讨了用数值模拟方法确定合理注氮参数 (注氮流量、注氮位置和注氮时间 )的新方法。     

Monod模型在潜流式人工湿地中的应用探讨

本文对一阶模型和零阶模型进行了比较，提出将Monod模型用于潜流式人工湿地的设计和运行之中。通过模型的动力学分析，表明负荷率和零阶去除率常数是决定潜流式人工湿地去除效果的基本参数，特别是在应用Monod模型时，可以得出湿地的最大去除率，从而避免在设计时引起尺寸过小。这有很重要的意义，说明湿地的负荷率有一个上限(这在一阶模型中是得不到的)。另外，本文还引进了一个新的无量纲参数无量钢参数Ω——湿地去除效率因子，作为比较湿地运行效果的有效方式。