A method for regional-scale material flow and decoupling analysis: A demonstration case study of Aichi prefecture, Japan

We have developed a method to analyse the annual material flow in a prefecture and have calculated environmental indicators for a prefecture. Material flow analysis (MFA) is important to clarify the structure of a regional society and obtain environmental indicators for a circular society. However, MFA has not advanced in local governments because of few local statistics. We have developed a method to analyse the annual material flow in Aichi prefecture from 1980 to 2000 using an input–output (I–O) table and statistics of Aichi. We have verified the accuracy of this method by comparing its results for 2000 which calculated on the basis of official I–O table for 1995 with the I–O table data for 2000; the correlation coefficient obtained in this case is greater than 0.95. Moreover, by performing MFA, we have estimated the resource consumption and decoupling indicator of each industry in Aichi prefecture from 1980 to 2000. We could obtain more detailed and accurate environmental indicators by using our method. From these results, we could estimate the progress of Aichi prefecture towards a circular society.     

Channel flow and trichloroethylene treatment in a partly iron-filled fracture: experimental and model results

Technical developments have now made it possible to emplace granular zero-valent iron (Fe(0)) in fractured media to create a Fe(0) fracture reactive barrier (Fe(0) FRB) for the treatment of contaminated groundwater. To evaluate this concept, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which trichloroethylene (TCE) contaminated water was flushed through a single uniform fracture created between two sandstone blocks. This fracture was partly filled with what was intended to be a uniform thickness of iron. Partial treatment of TCE by iron demonstrated that the concept of a Fe(0) FRB is practical, but was less than anticipated for an iron layer of uniform thickness. When the experiment was disassembled, evidence of discrete channelised flow was noted and attributed to imperfect placement of the iron. To evaluate the effect of the channel flow, an explicit Channel Model was developed that simplifies this complex flow regime into a conceptualised set of uniform and parallel channels. The mathematical representation of this conceptualisation directly accounts for (i) flow channels and immobile fluid arising from the non-uniform iron placement, (ii) mass transfer from the open fracture to iron and immobile fluid regions, and (iii) degradation in the iron regions. A favourable comparison between laboratory data and the results from the developed mathematical model suggests that the model is capable of representing TCE degradation in fractures with non-uniform iron placement. In order to apply this Channel Model concept to a Fe(0) FRB system, a simplified, or implicit, Lumped Channel Model was developed where the physical and chemical processes in the iron layer and immobile fluid regions are captured by a first-order lumped rate parameter. The performance of this Lumped Channel Model was compared to laboratory data, and benchmarked against the Channel Model. The advantages of the Lumped Channel Model are that the degradation of TCE in the system is represented by a first-order parameter that can be used directly in readily available numerical simulators.     

基于雨量(强)条件的泥石流预测预报研究现状、问题与建议

在对基于雨量(强)条件泥石流预测预报现状综合分析的基础上,提出了目前降雨型泥石流预测预报中存在的问题:①前期降雨对泥石流发生的贡献问题;②前期降雨对泥石流影响的衰减问题;③前期有效降雨天数的确定问题;④前期降雨和短历时降雨的权重衡量问题;⑤基于前期有效雨量的泥石流预测预报模式的确定问题。提出了降雨型泥石流预测预报程式框架和相关建议:①基于雨量(强)条件的泥石流预测预报应同机理研究密切结合;②单沟泥石流临界雨量条件和预测预报应同泥石流类型密切结合;③区域泥石流临界雨量条件和预测预报应同环境地质背景密切结合。     

基于Copula模型的降雨量与土壤饱和度的模拟研究

采用两步法,针对云南东川蒋家沟流域的降雨量与土壤饱和度,建立了边缘为皮尔逊Ⅲ型的Clayton Copula模型,分析了降雨量和土壤饱和度之间相关结构,以及两变量重现期,模拟了流域内土壤饱和度的变化情况。实例表明所构造的Clayton Copula模型能比较好地模拟出流域内土壤饱和度在降雨情况下逐日变化情况,有助于进一步认识降水对土壤饱和度的作用过程,并为分析泥石流灾害的发生提供了一种新思路。     

云南省东川区泥石流灾害SPOT5遥感影像特征

在东川区县(市)地质灾害详细调查过程中,SPOT5高分辨率卫星遥感数据对泥石流灾害具有较好的解译效果。通过对泥石流SPOT5遥感影像特征进行研究,建立了东川区泥石流遥感解译标志,并对沟谷型泥石流和坡面型泥石流进行识别,共识别了沟谷型泥石流168条,坡面泥石流95处。     

城市高架道路系统抗震性能分析

城市高架道路系统是城市交通系统的抗震薄弱环节,其震害不仅影响其自身的通行能力,通常还会影响高架道路下方的地面交通.对高架道路系统抗震性能的分析方法进行了系统阐述.采用系统分析方法对上海市内环高架道路系统进行了抗震性能分析,得到了震后系统通行时间延长值,而震后系统通行时间延长反映了系统通行能力的降低.     

可燃气体报警器快速校准装置的研究

针对石化企业中可燃气体报警器校准工作存在着校准周期长、维护困难、准确性不能保证的现状,提出了一种通过将高浓度可燃气体物质经过定量稀释配制成用于可燃气体报警器标定的多种浓度气体物质的方法,并设计了一种由两路流量检测与控制模块和一个监控单元构成的可燃气体报警器快速标定装置。叙述了可燃气体报警器快速标定装置的原理、元器件构成、设计结构、流量控制方法和防爆措施的实现。     

爆破拆除高耸建筑物触地危害分析与控制

分析爆破拆除高耸建筑物倒塌触地产生的危害:触地震动、触地飞石和超压气流。基于一般塌落质点振动速度公式,提出3种减少震动危害的措施;根据抛体运动规律,得出触地飞石水平飞行范围,提出3种减少触地飞石危害的措施;在分析超压气流危害机理的基础上,提出了3种减少超压气流危害的措施。并引用实例进行分析说明。     

Computation of particles’ ascent from a cavity behind passing shock wave

We study numerically the dynamics of particles of dispersed phase in a turbulent gas flow in planar shock waves (SWs) sliding along a solid surface with a depression of trapezoid shape. The ascent of particles from the cavity walls has been computed in the approximation of a rarefied gas–particle mixture. A considerable influence of the passing SW strength and the initial location of particles on the characteristics of particles’ ascent, the non-monotonicity of the dependence of the particle-ascent height on the initial longitudinal coordinate, and the SW Mach number, and a possibility of the formation of particles’ accumulation and removal zones on the depression bottom are shown.     

甘肃省滑坡泥石流灾害及其减灾对策

本文分析了甘肃省滑坡灾害成因的内在因素、环境因素以及外部触发因素,划分出了甘肃省的滑坡、泥石流灾害区。最后,提出了防灾减灾的对策。