聚丙烯酸钠为结合相的梯度扩散薄膜技术预测甘蔗田土壤中镉的生物有效性

DGT技术一直以固态结合相原位采集和测量水体、土壤或沉积物中有效态重金属,液态结合相的DGT主要应用于现场水体中金属离子的检测.本研究分别采用固态结合相梯度扩散薄膜(chelex100-DGT)装置和改进的液态结合相梯度薄膜扩散(CDM-PAAS-DGT)装置,对广西甘蔗田土壤中有效态Cd进行了测定.结果表明,2种装置提取的土壤有效态Cd含量与甘蔗(根、茎、叶)体内Cd含量都呈极显著正相关,改进的CDM-PAAS-DGT装置对土壤中有效态Cd的提取能力更强;融合土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质(OM%)和土壤颗粒组成等理化指标影响,运用多元统计分析,提取出2种主成分因子,建立了多元回归模型.液态结合相DGT技术能较好地预测甘蔗田土壤中Cd的生物有效性,拓展了其应用范围.     

基于地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价广西某蔗田土壤重金属污染

采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对广西某蔗田土壤中重金属污染进行评价。结果表明：4种重金属元素的地积累指数污染程度由强到弱依次为：Cd〉Zn〉Pb〉Cu,潜在生态危害指数污染程度由强到弱依次为：Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn,其中zn的影响程度发生了变化。2种评价方法的结果存在差异,蔗田土壤的地积累指数污染程度处于无污染情况,而潜在生态危害指数污染程度处于低度危害程度。潜在生态危害指数考虑外源重金属的富集程度和不同重金属的生物毒性的影响,使其评价结果更准确。     

敌草快在甘蔗及土壤中的残留动态

对敌草快在湖南和海南甘蔗及土壤中的残留研究结果表明:(1)敌草快在湖南甘蔗苗和土壤中的半衰期分别为4.72和50.59 d;(2)敌草快在海南甘蔗苗和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.73和40.01 d;(3)在常规使用剂量下,湖南和海南甘蔗中敌草快的最终残留量均未检出,说明正常使用下食用甘蔗安全.     

Respiration induced by substrate and bacteria diversity after application of diuron,hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl alone and in mixture

Abstract

After application, herbicides often reach the soil and affect non-target soil microorganisms, decreasing their population, diversity or affecting metabolic activity. Therefore, laboratory studies were performed to evaluate the effects of diuron, hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl alone and mixed upon carbon transformation by soil microorganisms in clayey and sandy soils and the effect on bacterial diversity and structure. Control treatment without herbicide application was also performed. Sub-samples from the control and herbicide treatments (10?g – in triplicate) were collected before herbicide application and 7, 14, 28 and 42?days after treatment (DAT), then 1?mL of ¹⁴C-glucose solution was applied. The released ¹⁴CO₂ was trapped in 2?M NaOH solution and the radioactivity was analyzed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC), 12?h after glucose application. The effect of herbicides on bacterial diversity was evaluated by T-RFLP. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design. Hexazinone did not affect ¹⁴CO₂ evolution. Diuron showed a greater ¹⁴CO₂ evolution in sandy and clayey soil, while sulfometuron-methyl led to an increase in sandy soil, at 42 DAT. A greater evolution of carbon was observed in the treatment with herbicide mixture in sandy soil, compared with the same treatment in clayey soil or control. However, the herbicide mixture application did not affect the soil biological activity measured by the respiration rate induced by substrate. On the other hand, the herbicide mixtures affected the bacterial diversity in both soils, being the strongest effect to diuron and sulfometuron-methyl in clayey soil and hexazinone in sandy soil.     

与甘蔗抗黑穗病基因连锁的RAPD标记筛选

为了寻找与由黑粉菌(Ustilago sictaminea Syd．)引起的甘蔗黑穗病抗病基因连锁的分子标记，从而借助分子标记辅助选择(MAS)手段提高抗病育种效率，用甘蔗抗病亲本Co1001为母本，用感病亲本Ya71-374为父本，配置杂交组合创制抗病性分离群体为材料，采用人工接种新植蔗，田问种植方法鉴定分离个体新植和宿根的抗病性，借助RAPD和集群分离分析法(BSA)，筛选出一个与抗病基因连锁的多态性片段，并在抗、感池中的个体和池外部分个体上得到验证，该片段大小约520bp．对该片段的进一步克隆、测序和转换研究还在进行中，研究结果为抗病育种的MAS奠定了基础．图2表3参12     

Residues of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in sugarcane crop soils and river water

The presence of residual organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides was evaluated at different periods of sugarcane cultivation in agricultural soil and water samples from the town of Tlaltizapan, which is located in the state of Morelos in Mexico, to determine the presence and persistence of these compounds and their possible effects on the region. The compounds p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD (metabolites of p,p′-DDT), γ-HCH and heptachlor were found in more of 95% of the sampling zones in the three monitoring periods performed along 2 years. The highest concentration detected (129.6 μg/kg _{dry soil}) was for α-HCH, but its frequency of detection was ～5%. The low detection frequency of α-HCH and the high concentration values of γ-HCH indicate the repeated use of technical-grade HCH and Lindane (γ-HCH) in the region. Among the organophosphorus pesticides, ethyl parathion was the compound with the highest soil concentration, at ～2000 μg/kg_{dry soil}, during the initial monitoring. However, this compound was detected in the second monitoring with a concentration of ～4 μg/kg_{dry soil}, but it was not detected in the third, indicating that is was not accumulated in the environment. The heptachlor was the compound most commonly found in all water samples, within a range of 0.45–1.25 ng/L. The presence of this organochlorine compound in the water samples indicated a possible migration from the soil to water bodies due to soil erosion. The presence of organophosphorus compounds was not detected in the water samples, which could be attributed to the moderate persistence of these compounds and their consequent degradation before arriving at the water bodies.     

物元分析法在土壤重金属污染评价中的应用

针对实际中的土壤重金属污染状况是渐变的、模糊的,采用物元分析模型法通过建立物元矩阵,引用毒性响应系数对模型中权重的计算方法进行改进,并将改进的物元分析模型对广西环江某受铅锌矿影响的土壤重金属污染状况进行评价分析。结果表明,该区域土壤受重金属污染严重,尤其受Pb、Cd的影响更为严重,此评价结果符合当地的实际情况,同时与潜在生态危害指数评价结果一致,说明物元分析法在土壤重金属污染评价中的应用是合理的,其评价结果具有可靠性。     

改性甘蔗渣对染料吸附行为的研究

以甘蔗渣为基质,环氧氯丙烷为改性剂制备了一种新型吸附剂,用红外光谱、扫描电镜分析了其表面特征。研究了溶液初始p H值、染料浓度、吸附时间、盐浓度对刚果红(CR)染料吸附行为的影响。结果表明,改性吸附剂对刚果红(CR)的最大吸附量为108.9 mg/g,为未改性吸附剂的2.1倍,吸附平衡时间为1.5 h;染料与吸附剂通过静电引力实现吸附,吸附平衡为Langmuir单分子层化学吸附,符合准二级动力学模型;当Na Cl的浓度低于0.8g/L时,对刚果红(CR)吸附影响不大。     

IMPACT OF WATER CUTBACK ON SUGARCANE PRODUCTION IN THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES1

ABSTRACT: Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) was planted in six lysimeters containing Pahokee muck (Lithic Mediaprist) where water tables were maintained at 30, 60, and 90 cm depths. The main objective was to study the impact of a 40 percent water cutback (108 mm) on sugarcane production during the period near the end of the dry season (i.e., May). The water cutback treatment was simulated through manipulation of water table depth. Due to the high available water capacity of the muck soil and selection of a sugarcane cultivar ‘CP63-588’ (which has a high tolerance of water table fluctuations), the sugarcane growth, and the yields of sugarcane biomass and sugar were not significantly different as a result of the treatments with and without 40 percent water cutback during a period of two months. This result is in good agreement with the 1981 cane yield in the Everglades Agricultural Area where a 35 percent water cutback was imposed during the 1981 drought.     

酸性红壤施石灰对甘蔗养分状况某些酶活性及生长的影响

研究结果表明．酸性红壤施适量石灰，能改善甘蔗的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ养分状况，提高Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶和中性转化酶活性，减缓甘蔗在伸长期Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性降低的幅度，极显著地促进甘蔗生长。石灰施用量与甘蔗叶片Ｎ、Ｋ含量、Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性及甘蔗株高里极显著或显著的二次函数曲线相关；与甘蔗叶片含Ｐ量、中性转化酶活性亦呈二次函数曲线相关，但相关性未达显著水平。研究结果还表明，施石灰量不同对甘蔗各生长时期株高的影响很大，施用量为１．２ｔ／ｈｍ２左右时，甘蔗前、中、后期的株高都极显著的高于对照，小于０．４ｔ／ｈｍ２或大于２．０ｔ／ｈｍ２时，甘蔗生长后期的株高与对照差异不显著．