土壤和河流沉积物中硫的形态分析

建立了土壤和河流沉积物中硫的形态分析方法。应用分级萃取技术分离水溶性硫、吸附性硫、盐酸可溶性硅和盐酸挥发性硫;用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定不同形态硫和总硫,由差减法测得有机硫。该方法的优点是操作简单,可应用于大批土壤和河流沉积物中不同形态硫的测定。     

湖北省酸雨控制区二氧化硫污染防治规划

在归纳湖北省酸雨控制区二氧化硫污染特征的基础上,对我省酸雨控制区二氧化硫的防治途径进行了分析。提出了全省“十五”期间二氧化硫总量控制规划,并从工业点源治理、城市清洁能源两大方面安排了二氧化硫污染防治的工程措施。“十五”期间全省共安排重点项目45项,计划投资960282万元,项目完成后削减二氧化硫19.19万t/a,实现“十五”规划目标。     

烟煤地下气化过程中硫的转化规律研究

在烟煤炭地下气化模型试验的基础上,研究了气化炉温度、气化工艺等对硫转化的影响;在纯氧气化工艺条件下,煤气中含硫气体的形态和含量主要受温度的影响,产生的H2S浓度在600～700℃达到最大值为7400mg·m-3,SO2在1000℃时达到最大值为270 mg·m-3.在纯氧-水蒸气工艺阶段,煤气中的含硫气体形态主要受煤气中氢气含量的影响,但在纯氧-水蒸气工艺后期,含硫气体量又转变为温度的函数.煤炭地下气化过程中,煤中的硫大部分以含硫气体的形式分布在煤气中;只有小部分硫分布在灰渣、焦油和冷凝水中.     

石灰在石煤钙化焙烧中固硫作用的研究

本研究对石煤清洁焙烧工艺 (钙化焙烧 )进行了研究 ,发现钙化焙烧除可完全避免钠化焙烧过程中Cl2 、HCl等有害气体的产生外 ,石灰在焙烧过程中有很好的固硫效果。实验结果表明 ,当焙烧温度不高于 10 0 0℃ ,石灰加入量为理论量的 1.4倍以上时 ,保证适当的焙烧时间与空气量 ,石灰的固硫率可达 99%。     

Movement and transformation of35S-labelled sulphate in the soil of a heavily polluted site in the Northern Czech Republic

Changes in chemistry and vertical distribution of³⁵S were investigated in column experiments using intact topsoil and repacked mineral soil horizons 1 to 20 weeks after tracer application (901 kBq³⁵S-SO₄ ^2– per column 6.5 cm in diameter). Horizons O, A, AE and Bvs of an Orthic Podzol were incubated at 20°C and wetted twice a week with 11 mm of natural throughfall precipitation (38.5 mg S0₄ ^2– L^–1-, pH 3.3). The top 35 cm of the soil contained 1,290 kg S ha^–1, or 18 times more than is the annual atmospheric S input (71.4 kg S ha^–1 yr^–1). Of this amount, 17.8 % was stored as inorganic sulphate S, 4.6 % as reduced inorganic S, and 77.6 % as organic S. In O + A and AE, free sulphate was the most abundant³⁵S form, while in Bvs the 35S activity of free and adsorbed sulphate was similar. The proportion of adsorbed sulphate increased with depth, averaging 23, 30 and 47 % of total inorganic sulphate³⁵S in O + A, AE and Bvs, respectively. Total specific activity of chemically transformed³⁵S (i.e., of reduced inorganic S and organic S) constituted 3.4, 3.8 and 105 % of inorganic sulphate³⁵S activity in O + A, AE and Bvs, respectively, in averaged weeks 2–4, and 7.5, 6.4 and 39.6 % in averaged weeks 11–13 in O+A, AE and Bvs, respectively. The turnover time of C-bonded³⁵S was shorter than that of ester sulphate³⁵S. An increase in FeS_2– ³⁵S with time indicated anaerobic conditions suitable for bacterial sulphate reduction. After 13 weeks, 68 % of the tracer was found deeper than 8 cm below soil surface.     

填充式电晕法处理二氧化硫的实验研究

主要研究了电晕放电等离子体法处理二氧化硫的效果。通过电晕放电产生大量的氧化性很强的自由基 ,在它们的作用下 ,与二氧化硫发生一系列的物理和化学反应 ,从而达到去除二氧化硫的目的。同时提出加入适当电介质增强放电强度的方法 ,以达到降低成本的目的     

二氧化硫专项清洁生产审核研究

按国家关于清洁生产审核的具体环保要求,针对二氧化硫产出量与总量控制的相关标准,提出关于二氧化硫专项清洁生产审核研究的具体思路.根据对哈尔滨某集团有限公司SO2专项清洁生产审核,通过组织筹划、预评估,确定二氧化硫作为清洁生产审核的重点并制定清洁生产目标,评估过程中要依据具体的国家环保要求,对于确定的方案进行环境-经济-社会效益的分析.共提出10个清洁生产方案,其中无/低费方案8个,中/高费方案2个.     

An Analysis of the Structure of the Simple Mass Balance Equation: Implications for Testing National Critical Loads Maps

The critical loads concept is used by the UN-ECEConvention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution(CLRTAP) for setting pollution reduction targets.Increasing numbers of countries are adopting the SimpleMass Balance equation (SMB) to calculate critical loads ofacidifying S and N for forest soils. The equation is madeup of a series of mass balances each of which is used tocalculate a leaching flux. The assumptions in the SMBequation were investigated by testing its ability topredict current sulphur load and by comparing each of thecalculated leaching fluxes to measured rates. It was notpossible to predict current sulphur load at our sites usingthe SMB equation. The leaching tests demonstrated that,primarily due to its steady state assumptions, the SMBequation generates critical loads that are theoretical longterm estimates of risk, and are untestable. Thesimplifying assumptions sometimes lead to illogicalresults. Some of these can be improved by adding a final,simple but dynamic, calculation step to determine theexpected time until effects are observed. Theacceptability of combining annual average data, which bestapproximates steady state, with a biological indicator isquestionable. It is not possible to test critical loadscalculated using the SMB equation when applied with all ofits assumptions but it is possible to test its fundamentalapproach using non steady state data.     

The Role of Cloud Processing in the Relationship Between Wet Deposited Sulphur and Sulphur Dioxide Emissions

It is well established that wet deposition of sulphate in the UKhas fallen by a much smaller fraction than have emissions of sulphur dioxide. Dry deposition of sulphur has decreased in proportion to the decline in emissions. A number of suggestionshave been made which offer possible explanations for this non-linearity between emissions and wet deposition. In this paper amodel of the processing of sulphur dioxide by aqueous phase cloudchemistry in a cloudy boundary layer is presented. This work doesnot simulate all the details of the mechanisms by which sulphate is incorporated into precipitation. It does, however, explorethe non-linearity of this oxidation process. It is shown that theoxidation of sulphur dioxide, in these conditions, over the UK isdominated by oxidation by ozone. The rate of sulphate productionis then controlled by the availability of the one basic trace gasin the atmosphere ammonia. Using realistic concentrations of thereacting species this is found to simulate well the observed non-linearity. The model predicts that sulphate and sulphur dioxideconcentrations will be uncorrelated in the cloudy boundary layerbut that ammonium and sulphate will be well correlated. Fieldobservations at a cloudy site in Northern England are consistentwith these predictions.     

Effect of Pollution On the Occurrence, Distribution and Sulphur Transformation Ability of the Thiobacilli in the River Ganga

The occurrence, distribution and nature of ambient thiobacilli along with their ability to oxidize different sulphur species under simulated natural and in vitro culture conditions were studied in the polluted and unpolluted sites of the River Ganga.

Thiobacillus thioparus, T. thiooxidans and T. denitrificans were isolated from the river water. the former two occurred in both polluted and unpolluted sites, while T. denitrificans occurred in polluted areas only. the paper pulp mill effluent discharge area contained the highest population of T. thioparus. the sewage drainage area showed relatively higher populations of T. thiooxidans and T. denitrificans.

The present study revealed that only biological oxidation of either thiosulphate or elemental sulphur occurred in the river water. All the thiobacilli screened oxidized thiosulphate, and three-fourths of them oxidized elemental sulphur. Some strains were found to be very good acidifiers. in spite of such acidification by the ambient thiobacilli, the pH of the river water remained alkaline. the specific rates of thiosulphate (0.18 -0.51 μMmolh^-1 mg^-1 cell) and sulphur (1.3 - 6.2 Normality day^-1 mg^-1 biomass) oxidations under simulated natural condition were found to be higher in polluted areas when compared with the unpolluted one (sulphur: 0.8 - 1.0 Normality day^-1 mg^-1).

Further, addition of thiouslphate or elemental sulphur in the river water in simulated in vitro condition resulted in the increase of respective oxidation rates. the variations in the natae of pollutants discharged into the river water influenced the oxidation rate of thiosulphate or sulphur.