澜沧铅矿井下有毒有害气体测评与控制

通过对井下作业点空气中CO、SO2、H2S、NO2和CO2等有毒有害气体的测定,将测定结果与进行比较,发现澜沧铅矿井下部分作业地点空气中CO、NO2和CO2浓度超过规定标准.根据分析、评价的结果,结合该矿实际情况,提出了控制井下有毒有害气体、改善井下空气质量的通风排毒等技术措施,以及防止井下有毒有害气体中毒的管理和个体防护措施.通过实施这些措施,使澜沧铅矿井下有毒有害气体得到了有效控制,其浓度达到了规定的要求.     

Modelling impacts of alternative farming management practices on greenhouse gas emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation system in China

Agricultural production plays an important role in affecting atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Field measurements were conducted in Quzhou County, Hebei Province in the North China Plains to quantify carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a winter wheat–maize rotation field, a common cropping system across the Chinese agricultural regions. The observed flux data in conjunction with the local climate, soil and management information were utilized to test a process-based model, Denitrification–Decomposition or DNDC, for its applicability for the cropping system. The validated DNDC was then used for predicting impacts of three management alternatives (i.e., no-till, increased crop residue incorporation and reduced fertilizer application rate) on CO₂ and N₂O emissions from the target field. Results from the simulations indicated that (1) CO₂ emissions were significantly affected by temperature, initial SOC, tillage method, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soils; (2) increases in temperature, initial SOC, total fertilizer N input, and manure amendment substantially increased N₂O emissions; and (3) temperature, initial SOC, tillage, and quantity and quality of the organic matter added in the soil all had significant effects on global warming. Finally, five 50-year scenarios were simulated with DNDC to predict their long-term impacts on crop yield, soil C dynamics, nitrate leaching losses, and N₂O emissions. The modelled results suggested that implementation of manure amendment or crop residue incorporation instead of increased fertilizer application rates would more efficiently mitigate GHG emissions from the tested agro-ecosystem. The multi-impacts provided a sound basis for comprehensive assessments on the management alternatives.     

Greenhouse gases fluxes and soil thermal properties in a pasture in central Missouri

Fluctuations of greenhouse gases emissions and soil properties occur at short spatial and temporal scales, however, results are often reported for larger scales studies. We monitored CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes and soil temperature (T), thermal conductivity (K), resistivity (R) and thermal di usivity (D) from 2004 to 2006 in a pasture. Soil air samples for determination of CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations were collected from static and vented chambers and analyzed within two hours of collection with a gas chromatograph. T, K, R and D were measured in-situ using a KD2 probe. Soil samples were also taken for measurements of soil chemical and physical properties. The pasture acted as a sink in 2004, a source in 2005 and again a sink of CH4 in 2006. CO2 and CH4 were highest, but N2O as well as T, K and D were lowest in 2004. Only K was correlated with CO2 in 2004 while T correlated with both N2O (r = 0.76, p = 0.0001) and CO2 (r = 0.88, p = 0.0001) in 2005. In 2006, all gases fluxes were significantly correlated with T, K and R when the data for the entire year were considered. However, an in-depth examination of the data revealed the existence of month-to-month shifts, lack of correlation and di ering spatial structures. These results stress the need for further studies on the relationship between soil properties and gases fluxes. K and R o er a promise as potential controlling factors for greenhouse gases fluxes in this pasture.     

抑制城镇污水处理厂恶臭气体的产生和迁移

随着科学技术的发展和公众环保理念的日趋完善,污水处理厂处理的内涵和外延都在加深和扩展。近年来,由于住宅和商业区持续向现有污水处理厂位置逼近,相当数量运行中的城市污水处理厂因恶臭气体释放问题而受到公众的指责。本文以国内外研究理论为指导,将可持续发展和经济效益相结合,对污水处理厂设施见效快、成本低且满足公众环保要求的挖潜进行了分析研究。     

高浓度有机废水处理领域的CDM项目分析

清洁发展机制(CDM)项目的开发,既有利于发达国家温室气体减排任务的实现,又有利于发展中国家技术的进步。针对高浓度有机废水的特点,结合河北省石家庄市某酿酒厂废水处理沼气发电项目,对高浓度有机废水处理中的沼气发电CDM项目进行了分析,根据CDM方法学AMS-III-H计算该项目的减排量。结果表明,在CDM机制下该项目年减排量预计为39,378 tCO2,并可以获得可观的资金收益。大大减少了温室气体的排放量,具有良好的社会、经济和环境效益。     

江苏东海县小麦秸秆和猪粪堆肥及原位还田试验研究

利用小麦秸秆和猪粪为原料进行好氧堆肥,对堆肥参数进行了优化和研究,对堆肥过程中温室气体的释放规律进行了探索,并初步考察了堆肥成品原位还田的效果.结果表明,堆肥反应可在约45 d内完成,初始最优ρ(C)∶ρ(N)和含水率分别约25∶1和65％;高温持续时间较长,pH值、电导率、有机质和N,P,K含量均满足堆肥腐熟要求;小麦秸秆和猪粪混合堆肥比单独将猪粪进行堆肥释放的温室气体更少;将质量比为3∶7的堆肥成品和土壤混合作为基质进行原住还田培育小麦,小麦种子的出芽率和幼苗生长情况均最佳.     

中高温区碳酰肼还原NOx和抑制二{（左）口（右）恶}英的研究

济大学热能与环境工程研究所,上海 200092;2.上海宝钢研究院,上海 201900;3.上海电站辅机厂,上海 200090）摘要：试验研究了氧量为10.1%～16.7%的条件下,中高温区（450～1050℃）碳酰肼还原烟气中NO_x,及以不同方式加入焚烧炉和烧结系统时抑制二{（左）口（右）恶}英的生成.结果表明,在烟气中氧量较高的条件下,碳酰肼在600℃和967℃左右,脱硝效率分别达到最大,850℃左右时最低,显示了双峰效应.将碳酰肼溶液喷入适当温度区域的烟气中,能明显降低二{（左）口（右）恶}英在再合成温区（250～450℃）收集的飞灰中的二{（左）口（右）恶}英含量;将碳酰肼混入烧结矿料中进行烧结锅试验,烧结烟气中的二{（左）口（右）恶}英排放含量随着碳酰肼掺混量的增大而降低;当碳酰肼的掺混量（质量分数）达到0.1%时,烟气中二{（左）口（右）恶}英的毒性当量浓度与不掺时相比降低了78.8%.研究表明碳酰肼可以多种方式加入焚烧炉和烧结炉中抑制NO_x和二{（左）口（右）恶}英的排放,是一种很有前景的NO_x和二{（左）口（右）恶}英双效抑制剂.     

温拌沥青混合料环境与经济效益分析

为了研究温拌沥青混合料相比热拌沥青混合料产生的环境与经济效益,不仅对它们在拌和与摊铺过程中产生的有害气体排放量的检测数据进行了对比分析,还引用计算CO2排放量的回归方程对沥青混合料在不同生产温度时的CO2排放量进行了计算分析。结果表明:在沥青路面工程中应用温拌沥青混合料具有明显的环境与经济效益。在对我国2009年用于公路建设的沥青消耗量带来的燃料消耗与废气排放量进行计算分析后,认为推广应用温拌沥青混合料对国家公路的绿色建设以及经济的可持续发展都有着重要意义。     

工作场所有毒有害气体检测报警的法规和技术要求

通过查阅国内外有关有毒有害气体检测报警的法规、标准和文献资料,阐述工作场所有毒气体检测报警的法规和技术要求。分析表明,我国有毒有害气体检测报警法律和配套标准不够完善,部分标准重复、交叉或矛盾,缺乏系统性和可操作性,与欧美发达国家标准有较大差距。因此,应加快技术标准的完善和研制,加强对不同作业场所有毒有害气体检测报警实际应用和主要问题的研究。     

有机废气对植物叶片组织伤害的研究

选定工厂生产中释放的7种气体甲醛、二氯酚、萘、四氯化碳、2,4D－脂、2,4D－酸、苯酚对套在塑料袋中的雪松（Cedrusdeodara）和刺槐（Robiniapseudoacacia）的带叶枝条进行人工熏气试验,以确定有机废气对叶片组织的伤害程度,试验结果：甲醛、苯酚、萘对雪松叶组织伤害严重,表现为：表皮、下皮、内皮层细胞收缩变形,叶肉细胞及树脂道破损,筛胞收缩或破裂成空腔,转输组织中的生活细胞收缩或破损。2,4－D脂、甲醛、苯酚对刺槐伤害严重,表现为：表皮收缩,叶肉细胞失去正常形态。