CBM-CFS3: A model of carbon-dynamics in forestry and land-use change implementing IPCC standards

The scientific community, forest managers, environmental organizations, carbon-offset trading systems and policy-makers require tools to account for forest carbon stocks and carbon stock changes. In this paper we describe updates to the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) implemented over the past years. This model of carbon-dynamics implements a Tier 3 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance for reporting on carbon stocks and carbon stock changes resulting from Land Use, Land-use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). The CBM-CFS3 is a generic modelling framework that can be applied at the stand, landscape and national levels. The model provides a spatially referenced, hierarchical system for integrating datasets originating from different forest inventory and monitoring programs and includes a structure that allows for tracking of land areas by different land-use and land-use change classes. Ecosystem pools in CBM-CFS3 can be easily mapped to IPCC-defined pools and validated against field measurements. The model uses sophisticated algorithms for converting volume to biomass and explicitly simulates individual annual disturbance events (natural and anthropogenic). Several important scientific updates have been made to improve the representation of ecosystem structure and processes from previous versions of CBM-CFS. These include: (1) an expanded representation of dead organic matter and soil carbon, particularly standing dead trees, and a new algorithm for initializing these pools prior to simulation, (2) a change in the input data requirement for simulating growth from biomass to readily available merchantable volume curves, and new algorithms for converting volume to biomass, (3) improved prediction of belowground biomass, and (4) improved parameters for soil organic matter decay, fire, insect disturbances, and forest management. In addition, an operational-scale version of CBM-CFS3 is freely available and includes tools to import data in standard formats, including the output of several timber supply models that are commonly used in Canada. Although developed for Canadian forests, the flexible nature of the model has enabled it to be adapted for use in several other countries.     

Advanced techniques in air pollution†

Specific usage of neutron activation analysis, charged particle analysis, y photons analysis, G.C.M.S. coupling, stable isotope dilution techniques, are discussed.

Dust collected on filters, oxygenated compounds in exhaust gases from car engines, nitrogen oxides, have thus been determined.

Special calibration methods for ozone, and remote detection by Lidar Raman are also described.     

生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的作用效应及其影响因素探讨

气候变暖已成为当今全球关注的焦点。农田生态系统作为CO2、CH4、N2O等温室气体的主要排放源,在全球温室效应中起重要作用。近年来,由于生物质炭在改善土壤性质,提高土壤碳汇和控制农业温室气体排放方面的巨大应用潜力,特别是对土壤碳的增汇减排作用,已成为土壤学和环境科学的研究热点。目前,关于生物质炭在农田温室气体排放方面的影响研究主要集中在我国华中、太湖平原、成都平原等地。然而由于受空间地域、实验条件等因素的差异,众多学者开展生物质炭作用于农田温室气体排放的研究结果不尽相同,也未曾见有报道从影响因素的角度深入探讨其作用机制。综述对比了近几年来国内外关于生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的影响研究,并从生物质炭的种类、施炭量、应用的土壤类型以及耕作方式和施肥条件等因素探讨了生物质炭对农田温室气体排放的作用机制。旨在通过改变生物质炭的种类和施炭量等条件,从而为抑制农业温室气体的排放乃至缓解全球气候变化提供可靠的科学依据。综合各项研究发现,秸秆炭在抑制农田温室气体排放方面要优于其他种生物质炭;40 t·hm-2的施炭量是一个既能提高作物产量又能实现固碳减排目标的较好选择;单作物耕作方式和合理的保护性耕作技术有利于减少农田温室气体的排放;在肥料的施用选择上,施用氮磷钾有机肥比普通氮肥更能有效地减少农田温室气体的综合排放效应。然而,从微生物活性和群落结构变化的角度深入探讨生物质炭作用于农田温室气体排放的微观机理及其温室气体减排还仍需进一步的研究。     

施肥与不施肥措施下小麦田的CO2、CH4、N2O排放日变化特征

二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）、氧化亚氮（N2O）是对全球气候变化影响最大的温室气体。由于土壤与大气之间的水热交换需要一定的传导平衡时间,因此土壤温室气体与温湿度之间的关系存在不同的表现形式。目前,有关温室气体研究多集中于季节性排放特征,而关于CO2、CH4、N2O的日变化研究却少见报道。以北京小麦（Triticum aestivuml）农田土壤为研究对象,对施肥和不施肥条件下CO2、CH4、N2O交换通量和气温、土壤温度进行连续观测,来探讨3种温室气体的日变化特征。采用人工静态暗箱法对小麦田土壤进行连续48 h原位观测,每2 h测定1次,每次盖箱时间为30 min。气体样品中的CO2、CH4、N2O用气相色谱仪（Agilent 6890A,FID/ECD）测定。结果表明：施肥与不施肥条件下小麦生育后期麦田土壤CO2、CH4、N2O交换通量具有明显的日变化特征。土壤表现为CH4的吸收汇、CO2和N2O的排放源。CH4的吸收通量、CO2和N2O的排放通量均表现为施肥区＞对照区。CO2、CH4的交换通量的70%以上出现在白天,而施肥区和对照区的N2O白天排放通量分别达到全天的81.8%、91.1%。另外,相关性分析表明,CO2、N2O交换通量的日变化与气温和5 cm地温呈极显著（P＜0.01）或显著（P＜0.05）的正相关关系,且N2O交换通量日变化与10 cm地温呈现极显著的正相关关系,说明温度是影响CO2、N2O交换通量日变化的重要因素;而气温、5 cm地温、10 cm地温对CH4交换通量日变化不存在显著性影响。     

土壤理化条件变化对含硫气体释放的影响

研究在不同的室内培养条件下,土壤的各种物理化学条件对含硫气体释放的影响．结果表明,土壤在含水率为50%～75%,ｐＨ＝3.25～8.67,较大的Ｃ:Ｎ 条件下,各含硫气体的释放量较大．而光照条件对于不同的硫源释放含硫气体的情况各有不同．环境条件通过改变微生物的活动改变了各硫源的生化分解的产硫量     

Retention of gases by hexadecyltrimethylammonium-montmorillonite clays

Intercalated montmorillonite clays with different amounts of organic hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) cations were studied to analyse their CO, CH(4), and SO(2) gas retentions. Equilibrium adsorption was measured by using a standard volumetric apparatus at 25 degrees C and 0.1 MPa. The solids were characterised by X-ray diffraction. The levels of adsorption of SO(2) by organo-montmorillonites (0.3595-1.6403 mmol/g) were higher than those of CO (up to 0.0202 mmol/g) and CH(4) (up to 0.0273 mmol/g) gases. HDTMA montmorillonites may be effective adsorbents for removing SO(2) and for its potential separation in the presence of CO and/or CH(4) molecules, which can be present in contaminated air.     

Z型管道中气体火焰传播规律的实验研究

本文实验研究了丙烷／氧气／空气的当量比气体燃烧火焰通过两个90°弯管形成的“z”型管道的传播规律,通过改变第一个弯管前加速段的长度和改变气体浓度,实验研究了稳定爆轰波,非稳定爆轰波以及爆燃火焰通过“z”型管道的传播规律。利用光电传感器记录弯管前后的火焰传播速度,运用燃烧理论和爆轰波的理论对实验结果做了分析。结果表明:稳定爆轰波通过“z”型管道时传播速度有明显的下降;但“z”型管道对非稳定爆轰波的传播作用受到非稳定爆轰波自身速度的影响;爆燃火焰通过“z”型管道时火焰传播速度的变化呈现不确定性。     

Field Survey of Trans-boundary Air Pollution with High Time Resolution at Coastal Sites on the Sea of Japan during Winter in Japan}

An intensive field survey, with 6-h measurement intervals, of concentrations of chemical species in particulate matter and gaseous compounds was carried out at coastal sites on the Sea of Japan during winter. The concentration variation of SO₂(g) and HNO₃(g) were well correlated, whereas the NH₃(g) concentration variation had no correlation with those of SO₂(g) and HNO₃(g). The NH₄ ⁺ (p)/non-sea-salt- (nss-)SO₄ ^{2 −}(p) ratio in particulate matter was mainly affected by the location of the sampling site. One or more concentration peaks of nss-Ca^{2 +} for survey period were observed. Backward trajectories analyses for the highest nss-Ca^{2 +} concentration peaks showed some inconsistency in pathways. We consider that insufficient mixing of the atmosphere and/or insufficient time for the transported air pollutants to react with those discharged locally are the most likely explanations for the discrepancies between the measured products [HNO₃][NH₃] and the calculated values.     

高浓度H2S、CS2废气综合治理技术

二硫化碳工业废气含有高浓度H₂S和CS₂．采用TF－C技术治理,废气先经TF脱硫液湿法选择吸收H₂S,再经活性炭于法脱除CS₂。在巧妙设计的工业装置运行结果,治理效果良好:削减废气中H₂S和CS₂排放量分别为99．9／和79％,达GBJ₄－73规定的工业废气排放标准,并副产CS₂和硫磺回用于生产。      

外加气体对等离子体降解水相中有机污染物的影响研究

研究了等离子体在内电极通氧气、氮气、空气和氦气条件下降解甲基紫的机理。研究表明,在该等离子体发生器结构下,等离子体能降解甲基紫,且在不同气体气氛下的降解产物不同,在氧气氛围下为含—CO和—OH物质及直链烯烃,而氮气氛围下是含—N、—NH和—OH的芳香类物质及小分子烃类物质。研究同时表明,等离子体降解水相中有机物时应在氧气介质中进行,如用空气则有可能会造成水体中NO-3过高。