炼化企业污水处理场恶臭气体治理技术探讨

文章通过对几种恶臭气体处理工艺的对比分析,提出炼化企业污水处理场物化单元采用活性碳吸附-催化氧化处理工艺,生化单元采用生物滤塔处理工艺,并对两种工艺进行了介绍,指出该工艺具有一定针对性,能够达到较好的处理效果。     

洱海流域稻鸭共作对稻田温室气体排放和水稻产量的影响

稻季是水旱轮作生态系统温室气体排放的主要时期,探索有效措施实现稻季温室气体减排和水稻增产已成为当前研究的热点.稻鸭共作是减少稻季温室气体排放的有效措施之一,而确定合理的稻鸭共作密度对确保洱海流域水稻产量基础上实现温室气体减排具有重要意义.该研究通过设置不同稻鸭共作密度试验,采取密闭静态箱—气相色谱法研究了稻鸭共作对温室气体排放规律、排放量及全球增温潜势(GWP)的影响.结果表明:水稻生育期,CH_4和N_2O均在分蘖期和结实期出现排放峰;CH_4排放通量、累计排放量和总排放量大小均为常规处理(CT)低密度鸭处理(LDD)高密度鸭处理(HDD)空白处理(CK),而N_2O为HDDLDDCTCK.与CT相比,CK、LDD、HDD的CH_4排放总量分别降低45%、18%、25%,N_2O排放总量分别降低8%、增加11%和37%,温室气体综合增温潜势分别降低41%、14%、17%.田面水DO、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N及土壤温度是引起温室气体CH_4和N_2O排放差异的主要因素.不同处理的水稻产量为LDDCKCTHDD.合理的稻鸭共作密度降低CH_4排放,增加N_2O排放,减缓全球增温潜势,提高了水稻产量.兼顾水稻产量和温室气体减排效果,LDD处理综合效益最好.     

Application of a system dynamics approach for assessment and mitigation of CO2 emissions from the cement industry

A system dynamics model based on the dynamic interactions among a number of system components is developed to estimate CO(2) emissions from the cement industry in India. The CO(2) emissions are projected to reach 396.89 million tonnes by the year 2020 if the existing cement making technological options are followed. Policy options of population growth stabilisation, energy conservation and structural management in cement manufacturing processes are incorporated for developing the CO(2) mitigation scenarios. A 42% reduction in the CO(2) emissions can be achieved in the year 2020 based on an integrated mitigation scenario. Indirect CO(2) emissions from the transport of raw materials to the cement plants and finished product to market are also estimated.     

Aggregated Estimation of Basic Parameters of Biological Production and Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 3. Biogeochemical Carbon Fluxes

The biogeochemical cycle of organic carbon in Russian terrestrial ecosystems in 1990 is considered. Its components have been estimated as follows: net primary production, 4354 million metric tons of carbon (Mt C); annual amount of plant detritus, 3223 Mt C; heterotrophic soil respiration, 3214 Mt C; biomass utilization, 680 Mt C; damage to vegetation caused by fire and pests, 140 Mt C; and removal by surface and ground waters, 79 Mt C. Anthropogenically regulated fluxes of organic carbon (820 Mt C) are comparable to its amount involved in the natural cycle.     

基于BP神经网络的污水格栅间气体监测

为实现对城市污水泵站格栅间内H₂S和CO有害气体浓度实时准确监测分析,设计气体传感器阵列监测系统,建立单隐层BP神经网络模型对气体浓度样本进行训练,确定网络隐含层数为9,训练函数为traindm,模型优化后输出的H₂S和CO气体浓度与实测值的平均相对误差分别为1.3%与0.4%。研究结果表明：采用BP神经网络模型对传感器阵列采集到的样本数据进行训练,可提高其测量精度,提升精度范围在57%～75%之间,能够满足对污水泵站有害气体监测的基本要求,所建立模型表现出良好效果。研究结果可为污水格栅间有害气体监测提供新方法。     

The Ecological Significance of the Coexistence of Sulphur Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulphide in Volcanic Fumaroles

The relative concentrations of hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide in volcanic gases cannot be explained simply by the temperatures and pressures, and appear as the result of the influence of different natural factors. SO₂ is directly related to magma degassing, while H₂S can be produced by the reaction of acidic solutions on dispersed sulphide minerals.

As long as these inputs to the surface environment are of moderate extent, then readjustment of redox conditions to an equilibrium situation will occur; a permanent disequilibrium will result in increased contributions of any component.

A wide spectrum of trace elements is normally associated with the presence of sulphur compounds in volcanic areas; their importance can be estimated for any system on the basis of the quantitative relationship between the oxidized and the reduced sulphur species. Extensive polluting effects can be produced by a continuous flow from a deep magmatic source, while minor consequences are associated with a re-circulation in the surface environment of heavy metals from previous volcanic activities.     

中国种养系统的氮流动及其环境影响

利用集成完全氮平衡模型和农业污染清单的中国种养系统氮流动模型(nitrogen flow model for farming-feeding system in China,NFM-FFS),研究了2003年中国种养系统中的氮流动及其环境影响.结果表明,2003年中国种养系统土壤虽然氮素表观盈余,但实际亏损623.9×104t,平均亏损13.7 kg/hm2,土壤整体面临含氮量减少和退化的风险.由于中国氮素投入(肥料和各类有机肥)主要集中于耕地系统,对牧草地的投入很少,耕地系统的氮素盈余了1 761.9×104t,平均盈余142.8 kg/hm2,中国牧草地系统氮素亏损2 385.7×104t,平均亏损90.7 kg/hm2.因此平衡耕地和牧草地的氮素投入既可减少农业生产对水环境的影响,又可有效控制牧草地退化.2003年,中国种养系统中总氮损失为2266×104t,其中随径流进入地表水的495.8×104t和淋洗进入地下水的102.4×104t最终沉积在河流、湖泊和海洋中,很少有机会再进入种养系统循环.耕地的肥料施用是中国种养系统向地表水和地下水最主要的氮输出源,应是农业污染控制和管理的重点.     

耐冷亚硝酸盐型反硝化细菌Pseudomonas putida Y-12脱氮特性

研究了温度、转速、pH、接种量、碳源和亚硝酸盐氮浓度对耐冷反硝化细菌Pseudomonas putida Y-12去除亚硝酸盐氮和总氮的影响,在此基础上,初步考察了反硝化脱氮产物中温室气体(CO2和N2O)的含量,探索了对富营养化景观水体中亚硝酸盐氮和总氮的去除能力.结果表明:Y-12菌株去除亚硝酸盐氮和总氮的最佳碳源为柠檬酸钠,在15℃和pH为7.2条件下,该菌以柠檬酸钠为唯一碳源对亚硝酸盐氮和总氮去除率分别达到了100%和81.8%;反硝化脱氮产生了19559.82 mg·m-3CO2和0.11 mg·m-3N2O;在15℃,150 r·min-1摇床培养条件下,48 h内菌株Y-12对景观水体中亚硝酸盐氮和总氮去除率分别达到了37.7%和51.5%,表明该菌在初春及晚秋水体的低温时段具有较好的应用潜力.     

Additivity of State Inventories of Greenhouse-Gas Emissions

In addition to national inventories of emissions of greenhouse gases, there are inventories for most, but not all, states constituting the United States. This paper analyzes the state inventories to see if reported emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are additive. Considerable reanalysis of the state inventories is required before they can be added to yield a larger-scale inventory. Some specific sources were considered by some states but not by others. Estimation techniques evolved over time as inventories were produced, and there are instances of both double-counting (two states reporting the same emission) and omission (neither state reporting the same emission), where interstate transfers of energy or materials occurred. Nevertheless, the inventories, when adjusted for obvious double-counting or omissions, are probably approximately additive, although it is difficult to quantify the extent to which this is true.     

香溪河库湾夏季温室气体通量及影响因素分析

采用LGR-密闭式动态通量箱法对三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季水-气界面温室气体(CO2和CH4)通量进行了24 h连续观测.结果表明,观测点处水-气界面CO2和CH4的释放通量具有明显的日变化特征,且二者的日变化过程呈较强的负相关性.监测期间,CO2的吸收和释放过程明显,CH4全天均为释放状态,其全天平均通量分别为0.336 mg.(m2.h)-1和0.088mg.(m2.h)-1.分析发现,水-气界面碳通量与温度、pH、叶绿素a、气压、辐照强度的相关性明显,而Eh对碳通量的影响并不显著,其中,CO2与各环境因子的相关性较CH4更为密切.