成都市区夏季大气挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

2019年6～9月在成都市区对挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行在线观测,研究夏季VOCs浓度水平、变化特征、臭氧生成贡献(OFP)及来源贡献.结果表明,成都市区夏季TVOCs(总挥发性有机物)平均质量浓度为112.66μg·m^-3,烷烃(29.51%)和卤代烃(23.23%)为主要组分; VOCs日变化峰值主要出现在上午10:00～11:00,受城市机动车、油气挥发和工业排放影响;夏季VOCs的OFP贡献中芳香烃贡献率(42.7%)最高,其次为烯烃(27.4%),关键活性物种为间/对-二甲苯、乙烯、丙烯、邻-二甲苯、异戊烷、环戊烷和丙烯醛等;使用PMF受体模型进行来源解析表明,移动源为成都市区夏季VOCs的主要贡献源,贡献率为34%,其次为工业源(17%)和油气挥发(14%),溶剂使用源和天然源分别贡献11%和13%.因此,机动车和工业排放为成都市区VOCs的重点控制源,同时溶剂使用及油气挥发等污染源的管控也不可忽视.     

Pre- and post-beach response to engineering hard structures using Landsat time-series at the northwestern part of the Nile delta,Egypt

Analyses have been undertaken to examine shoreline positions established from remote sensing data along the northwestern part of the Nile delta from the Abu Qir Bay to Gamasa embayment (∼143 km length). The image data used (MSS, TM and ETM+ sensors) are acquired at unequal intervals between 1972 and 2006, i.e., covering a time span of 34 years. Automated waterline positions extracted from Landsat satellite images during this period of time were computer generated. A digital shoreline analysis software was used to calculate the annual rate of beach changes at 1,432 cross-shore transects prior to (1972–1990) and after protection (1993–2006). On comparison, rates estimated from three statistical approaches (the end point rate, the Jackknife and a weighted linear regression) at corresponding positions are successfully validated with those measured from ground survey. Before protection, results reveal longshore patterns wherein erosion along a coastal stretch gives way to accretion in an adjacent stretch, refining the sub-cells previously identified within the littoral system of the delta. Maximum shoreline retreat occurs along the Rosetta promontory (−138.52 m/year) and along the central bulge of the delta at Burullus headland (−6.07 m/year). In contrast areas of shoreline accretion exist within saddles or embayments between the promontories at west Abu Qir Bay (20.04 m/year), Abu Khashaba saddle (16.17 m/year) and Gamasa embayment (20.68 m/year). These rates of changes have been significantly altered by the construction of intensive shoreline protective structures built from 1990 to combat areas of rapid erosion at both the Rosetta promontory and Burullus–Baltim headland, ∼15-km length in total.     

An Analysis of the Daily Radial Activity of 7 Boreal Tree Species, Northwestern Quebec

In the `Des Vieux Arbres' ecological reserve situated within northwestern Québec, 40 band dendrometers were installedon 7 of the major boreal tree species. The late Spring–early Summer daily radial activity registered in 1997 was related todaily weather variables. For each tree species, the daily mean i) cumulative radial increment and ii) radial activity indexedseries obtained by first-difference standardization were analyzed. The results indicate the existence of strong similarities among the 7 species. All showed strong synchronousfluctuations in radius during late winter and early spring. Thisperiod ended with a short but sharp increase in radial increments that marked the passage of water into the stem. Thisinitial swelling, less obvious in Pinus species was followed by a prolonged period of little change in radial activity. Meteorological data indicated that air temperature waspositively related to stem swelling during the late winter–earlyspring period. Both air and soil temperatures became negatively related to radial expansion once the passage of water has occurred in the stem. Starting in early June, all species registered a sustained increase in radial increments possiblyassociated with active cell division. After this, radial expansion was negatively related to air temperature and positively to rainfall.     

Monitoring of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Summer and Winter Vegetables from Agra, India – A case study

Analysis of summer and winter vegetable samples during 2002–2003 for pesticidal contamination was carried out on Gas Chromatograph-Electron Capture Detector with capillary columns. The contamination levels of winter vegetables (average concentration of 4.57, 6.80 and 5.47 ppb respectively for Lindane, Endosulphan and DDT) were found to be slightly higher than the summer vegetables (average concentration of 4.47, 3.14 and 2.82 ppb respectively for Lindane, Endosulphan and DDT). The concentration of these organochlorine pesticides in summer and winter vegetables were well below the established tolerances but continuous consumption of such vegetables even with moderate contamination level can accumulate in the receptor's body and may lead to chronic effects that could be fatal.     

珠江三角洲干线公路夏季臭氧污染特征

基于国家干线公路交通量信息,运用GIS的路网线性参考系统,计算珠三角地区夏季NO_x和VOCs排放量,使用最大增量反应活性（MIR）和经验公式,分别估算VOCs和NO_x的O₃生成及其强度的空间分布特征.结果表明,夏季VOCs的排放量占比总体上与各类型车辆数占比一致,而汽油车的NO_x排放量占比与车辆数差异较大;VOCs排放的分布与NO_x基本相似,广州市是NO_x和VOCs排放量最高的城市,珠海、中山和江门3个城市的排放量较小;NO_x的O₃生成总量与生成能力成反比,所有车型中烯烃和芳香烃对O₃生成贡献率都是最大的,而排放量较大的烷烃生成O₃量最低;路网密度大的广州市、深圳市,汽车排放的NO_x和VOCs量相对较高,其产生的O₃浓度也较高,对于路网密度较小的城市（如珠海市）,其O₃污染主要以交通干线为中心,向外扩散,O₃生成量较小.     

Projected Climate‐Induced Habitat Loss for Salmonids in the John Day River Network,Oregon, U.S.A.

Abstract: Climate change will likely have profound effects on cold‐water species of freshwater fishes. As temperatures rise, cold‐water fish distributions may shift and contract in response. Predicting the effects of projected stream warming in stream networks is complicated by the generally poor correlation between water temperature and air temperature. Spatial dependencies in stream networks are complex because the geography of stream processes is governed by dimensions of flow direction and network structure. Therefore, forecasting climate‐driven range shifts of stream biota has lagged behind similar terrestrial modeling efforts. We predicted climate‐induced changes in summer thermal habitat for 3 cold‐water fish species—juvenile Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. mykiss, and Salvelinus confluentus, respectively)—in the John Day River basin, northwestern United States. We used a spatially explicit statistical model designed to predict water temperature in stream networks on the basis of flow and spatial connectivity. The spatial distribution of stream temperature extremes during summers from 1993 through 2009 was largely governed by solar radiation and interannual extremes of air temperature. For a moderate climate change scenario, estimated declines by 2100 in the volume of habitat for Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, and bull trout were 69–95%, 51–87%, and 86–100%, respectively. Although some restoration strategies may be able to offset these projected effects, such forecasts point to how and where restoration and management efforts might focus.     

自然景观遥感解译基础上的华中自然区划研究

在自然景观类型的卫星图像解释和制图的基础上，通过对自然景观类型分布规律的定性分析和定量计算，自下而上归并与自上而下划分相结合，将华中地区划分为５个自然区、１９个自然亚区和３０个自然小区。     

渤海湾浮游植物与环境因子关系的多元分析

2007年春季和夏季对渤海湾的浮游植物和环境因子进行调查,运用多元分析技术分析浮游植物在渤海湾的分布特征及其与环境因子之间的关系.调查期间共发现浮游植物26种,其中春季17种,夏季23种.春季浮游植物平均数量为115×104cells.m-3,显著高于夏季(3.1×104cells.m-3).应用主成分分析(PCA)浮游植物分布特征,结果表明,春季浮游植物主要分布于渤海的中北部,是硝酸盐含量较高的水域;夏季浮游植物分布于各个水域,但优势种主要分布于河口附近.运用冗余分析(RDA)探讨浮游植物分布与环境因子之间的关系,结果表明,影响渤海湾浮游植物分布的关键环境因子,春季是硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和溶解性活性磷酸盐,夏季是氨氮和水温.     

Seasonal spatial differentiation of sex groups in populations of resident bat species (Chiroptera,Vespertilionidae) in the Southern Urals

On the basis of studies on the ecology of boreal bat species in the Southern Urals (1997–2004), the first classification of their summer habitats has been made. It has been shown that spatial segregation of sex groups into areas of two types, designated wintering and breeding zones, takes place in populations in the period of offspring rearing. In females, seasonal migrations are guided by imprinting on sites providing sufficient food for offspring rearing and on wintering sites. In males, imprinting on wintering sites alone is observed.     

中国代际降水区域变化差异分析

利用中国气象中心160站点的夏季降水实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化按年代进行了系统分析,并对各地的代际降水量变化趋势进行了区域对比。结果发现,降水变化幅度大的区域主要集中在季风区,而非季风区的年代际降水相对稳定。在多数情况下,以四川为中心的区域的降水量变化与东北的北部一致,东南沿海与渤海湾沿岸区域一致。季风区降水量变化的区域差异,可能既受季风的年代际强弱变化的影响,又受微地形的影响：