Airborne myxomycete spores: detection using molecular techniques

Myxomycetes are organisms characterized by a life cycle that includes a fruiting body stage. Myxomycete fruiting bodies contain spores, and wind dispersal of the spores is considered important for this organism to colonize new areas. In this study, the presence of airborne myxomycetes and the temporal changes in the myxomycete composition of atmospheric particles (aerosols) were investigated with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for Didymiaceae and Physaraceae. Twenty-one aerosol samples were collected on the roof of a three-story building located in Sapporo, Hokkaido Island, northern Japan. PCR analysis of DNA extracts from the aerosol samples indicated the presence of airborne myxomycetes in all the samples, except for the one collected during the snowfall season. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the PCR products showed seasonally varying banding patterns. The detected DGGE bands were subjected to sequence analyses, and four out of nine obtained sequences were identical to those of fruiting body samples collected in Hokkaido Island. It appears that the difference in the fruiting period of each species was correlated with the seasonal changes in the myxomycete composition of the aerosols. Molecular evidence shows that newly formed spores are released and dispersed in the air, suggesting that wind-driven dispersal of spores is an important process in the life history of myxomycetes. This study is the first to detect airborne myxomycetes with the use of molecular ecological analyses and to characterize their seasonal distribution.     

灌溉与施氮对黑河中游新垦沙地农田土壤硝态氮动态的影响

研究了黑河中游绿洲边缘区新垦沙地农田不同灌溉量(分别为估算春小麦生育期需水量的0.6、0.8、1.0倍)和不同施氮量(0、140、221和300kg·hm-2)对春小麦不同生育期土壤硝态氮含量及分布动态的影响.结果表明,施氮量为硝态氮淋溶的决定因素,土壤剖面中硝态氮的含量随着施氮量的增加而增加,当施氮量在0～140kg·hm-2之间时,硝态氮的淋溶较为缓慢,而在221～300kg·hm-2范围时硝态氮的含量显著增加,这表明当施氮量高于221kg·hm-2时易引起硝态氮的淋溶.收获期土壤的硝态氮含量明显低于开花期,且硝态氮存在显著差异的土层深度变浅.在综合4个施氮处理的情况下,不同灌溉处理同一土层土壤硝态氮的含量无显著差异(p<0.05),这一结果表明灌溉量对春小麦生育期土壤硝态氮淋溶过程的影响要小于施氮量.不同灌溉处理同一土层土壤硝态氮含量的差异因施氮水平的不同而异,多数情况下,低灌溉处理(I0.6)与中等灌溉处理(I0.8)的土壤硝态氮含量高于高灌溉处理(I1.0),同时具有显著硝态氮含量差异的土层深度随施氮量的增加而递增,说明随着灌水量的减少硝态氮向下淋溶量也相应下降.     

臭氧胁迫对水稻的光合损伤与施氮的缓解作用

利用稻/麦O3-FACE（Ozone-free air controlled enrichment）试验平台,以杂交籼稻汕优63（SY63）和常规籼稻扬稻6（YD6）两个耐性不同的水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种为材料,根据净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数指标,研究分蘖期和抽穗期增施氮（N）肥对O3胁迫导致的水稻光合损伤的缓解作用。结果表明：（1）增施N肥可以减轻O3对SY63和YD6净光合速率（Pn）的影响,且前期增施N肥效果更显著。（2）O3升高条件下SY63和YD6的最大光量子效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）和光化学猝灭（qP）有下降趋势,PSⅡ所吸收光能用于光化学部分（P%）减少,热耗散部分（D%）增加;提高施N量可减小O3引起的叶绿素荧光参数的变化幅度,有利于提高光合效率,其中增施分蘖肥的效果较理想。（3）大气O3体积分数升高会降低SY63和YD6的N素总积累量,增施N肥后有上升趋势,且前期施N肥增幅较大。总之增施氮肥在一定程度上可缓解O3对SY63和YD6的光合损伤,且在水稻生长前期增施效果更好。     

分质供水模式在老钢铁联合企业节水减排改造中的应用

老钢铁联合企业在面对我国水资源短缺与企业用水之间的矛盾时,承担了更大的压力。因此对老钢铁联合企业全厂水系统进行节水减排改造的任务较多。而钢铁企业分质供水模式的建立,具有普遍的指导意义,是节水减排改造的必经之路。     

球团生产及其废气污染控制

球团矿具有良好的冶金性能,与高碱度烧结矿搭配入炉,可改善高炉各项操作指标。近年来,我国钢铁企业对球团矿的需求日益增加,球团建设和产能快速增长,其中以链箅机-回转窑工艺为主,随之带来对环境的污染问题,尤其是对空气污染。介绍球团生产发展状况和其废气污染控制措施。     

Multi-objective synthesis of a company's supply network by accounting for several environmental footprints

This contribution presents the multi-objective synthesis of a company's supply network by integrating renewables (biomass and other waste, and solar energy) and accounting for several environmental footprints. The synthesis is based on a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem. A previously developed model by the authors for achieving energy self-sufficiency by integrating renewables into companies’ supply networks has been extended for the evaluation of environmental impacts, such as energy, carbon, nitrogen, and water footprints. The achievement of an energy self-sufficient supply network has been considered whilst significantly reducing environmental impacts.The presented model is applied to multinational poultry-meat producing company. Direct (burdening) and indirect (unburdening) effects that form total effects on the environment are considered for the evaluation of environmental footprints. The results showed significant unburdening of the environment in terms of carbon and nitrogen footprints but, however, higher burdening in terms of the water footprint.     

Dynamic accident modeling for high-sulfur natural gas gathering station

Dynamic accident modeling for a gas gathering station is implemented to prevent high-sulfur natural gas leakage and develop equipment inspection strategy. The progress of abnormal event occurring in the gas gathering station is modeled by the combination of fault tree and event sequence diagram, based on accident causal chain theory, i.e. the progress is depicted as sequential failure of safety barriers, then, the occurrence probability of the consequence of abnormal event is predicted. Consequences of abnormal events are divided into accidents and accident precursors which include incidents, near misses and so on. The Bayesian theory updates failure probability of safety barrier when a new observation (i.e. accident precursors or accidents data) arrives. Bayesian network then correspondingly updates failure probabilities of basic events of the safety barriers with the ability of abductive reasoning. Consequence occurrence probability is also updated. The results show that occurrence probability trend of different consequences and failure probability trend of safety barriers and basic events of the safety barriers can be obtained using this method. In addition, the critical basic events which play an important role in accidents occurrence are also identified. All of these provide useful information for the maintenance and inspection of the gas gathering station.     

自动扶梯曳引机由静态元件供电的拖动线路及PLC控制

文章分析了GBI6899—2011《自动扶梯和自动人行道的制造与安装安全规范》中曳引电机由静态元件供电的要求,讨论了使用两个和一个电源接触器切断曳引机供电的线路。并优先使用一种两个电源接触器切断供电的线路,设计了该线路的一种PLC控制电路,讨论了其起动和停止的控制过程。并给出了PLC控制梯形图程序的结构图。     

Seismic vulnerability assessment of water supply network in Tianjin,China

The water supply network （WSN） system is a critical element of civil infrastructure systems. Its complexity of operation and high number of components mean that all parts of the system cannot be simply assessed. Earthquakes are the most serious natural hazard to a WSN, and seismic risk assessment is essential to identify its vulnerability to different stages of damage and ensure the system safety. In this paper, using a WSN located in the airport area of Tianjin in northern China as a case study, a quantitative vulnerability assessment method was used to assess the damage that the water supply pipelines would suffer in an earthquake, and the finite element software ABAQUS and fuzzy mathematic theory were adopted to construct the assessment method. ABAQUS was applied to simulate the seismic damage to pipe segments and components of the WSN. Membership functions based on fuzzy theory were established to calculate the membership of the components in the system. However, to consider the vulnerability of the whole system, fuzzy cluster analysis was used to distinguish the importance of pipe segments and components. Finally, the vulnerability was quantified by these functions. The proposed methodology aims to assess the performance of WSNs based on pipe vulnerabilities that are simulated and calculated by the model and the mathematical method based on data of damage. In this study, a whole seismic vulnerability assessment method for a WSN was built, and these analyses are expected to provide necessary information for a mitigation plan in an earthquake disaster.     

Toxicity of depleted uranium on isolated liver mitochondria: a revised mechanistic vision for justification of clinical complication of depleted uranium (DU) on liver

Depleted uranium (DU) is widely used in military anti-armor weapons. Recent evidence suggested that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to DU-induced toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms of DU toxicity in mitochondria are not well understood. In this study, liver mitochondria were obtained from Wistar rats treated with DU in the form of uranyl acetate (UA) (0.5, 1 or 2 mg/kg i.p.) using differential centrifugation. For in vitro experiments, control rat liver mitochondria were incubated with different concentrations of UA (50, 100 or 200 μM) for 1 hr. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial swelling were examined by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial sources of ROS formation were determined using specific substrates and inhibitors. Extent of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) oxidation, and also complex II and IV activities were detected via spectroscopy. Further, the concentration of ATP and ATP/ADP ratio was measured using luciferase enzyme and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria which was detected by ELISA kit. UA induced succinate-supported mitochondrial ROS production, elevated LPO levels, GSH oxidation, and mitochondrial complex II inhibition. UA also induced mitochondrial permeability transition and increase in cytochrome c release which subsequently disturbed oxidative phosphorylation and reduced the mitochondrial ATP concentration. Data suggest that mitochondrial oxidative stress and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation may play key roles in DU-induced hepatic toxicity.