Requirements for estimation of doses from contaminants dispersed by a ‘dirty bomb’ explosion in an urban area

The ARGOS decision support system is currently being extended to enable estimation of the consequences of terror attacks involving chemical, biological, nuclear and radiological substances. This paper presents elements of the framework that will be applied in ARGOS to calculate the dose contributions from contaminants dispersed in the atmosphere after a ‘dirty bomb’ explosion. Conceptual methodologies are presented which describe the various dose components on the basis of knowledge of time-integrated contaminant air concentrations. Also the aerosolisation and atmospheric dispersion in a city of different types of conceivable contaminants from a ‘dirty bomb’ are discussed.     

生物质能源发展的市场环境培育分析——以湖北省为例

生物质能源作为可再生能源的重要组成部分,其在替代能源、环境保护、减少碳排放,促进农民增效方面具有重要作用。以资源贫乏、能源短缺的湖北省作为生物质能源发展市场环境培育分析的研究对象,具有一定的代表性。通过深入分析生物质能源原料市场、产品市场、技术市场的发展现状,得知生物质能源发展的政策法规不完善、市场保障机制体系不健全、公众能源意识淡薄、投融资体制不顺畅、技术研发创新难是制约其产业发展的主要因素。因此对生物质能源发展的市场环境培育提出3方面建议：在政策法规层面,政府需要制定保护性政策来调控市场,以弥补市场力量的不足,并界定好生物质能源产业的发展方向;在监管体系层面,需要设立严格的生物质能源市场准入门槛和有效的定价机制,防止生物质能源过度发展;在企业经营层面,实施生物质能源企业集群带动战略,提升核心竞争力。     

Multi-attribute analysis of trophic state and waterfowl management in Ringkøbing Fjord,Denmark

A multi-attribute analysis by means of the general multi-attribute analysis (GMAA) decision support system was performed in order to rank different strategies for good water quality with respect to trophic state, and good conditions for waterfowl, in the lagoon Ringkøbing Fjord, Denmark. The remedial strategies included nutrient abatement and the construction of facilities to increase the water exchange between the lagoon and the sea. The analysis showed that it is essential to keep the mean annual salinity level constant, since a drastic change in salinity may cause massive destruction of the macrophyte belt with large effects on the water quality and waterfowl abundance. It may be cost-effective to build and maintain a saltwater pumping station or a second sluice to increase the seawater inflow. Further nutrient abatement may not be cost-effective, at least not on time-scales shorter than 20 years, but the utility from nutrient abatement increases if a second sluice is built additionally. However, all of the remedial strategies, except decreasing the salinity, were projected to cause rather small changes in the effect variables compared to the no action alternative.     

A Framework for Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Water and Watershed Systems

In this article we present a framework for assessing climate change impacts on water and watershed systems to support management decision-making. The framework addresses three issues complicating assessments of climate change impacts—linkages across spatial scales, linkages across temporal scales, and linkages across scientific and management disciplines. A major theme underlying the framework is that, due to current limitations in modeling capabilities, assessing and responding to climate change should be approached from the perspective of risk assessment and management rather than as a prediction problem. The framework is based generally on ecological risk assessment and similar approaches. A second theme underlying the framework is the need for close collaboration among climate scientists, scientists interested in assessing impacts, and resource managers and decision makers. A case study illustrating an application of the framework is also presented that provides a specific, practical example of how the framework was used to assess the impacts of climate change on water quality in a mid-Atlantic, U.S., watershed.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

三维原子场全息作用矢量用于芳香类化合物的三维QSAR研究

采用新型的的三维原子场全息作用矢量(3D-HoVAIF)研究了200种芳香化合物的化学结构与其生物毒性的定量构效关系(QSAR).首先对芳香化合物进行了结构参数化表达,然后采用逐步回归(SMR)对变量进行筛选,建立了三维定量构效关系模型.其87个无氢键分子的模型和113个有氢键分子的模型的复相关系数和标准偏差分别为R2=0.801,SD=0.473和R2=0.929,SD=0.318.模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力,证明了该三维原子场全息作用矢量在分子结构表征和生物毒性预测上的适用性.     

科技支撑美丽中国建设的进展和展望

自党的十八大提出美丽中国建设目标以来,为发挥好科技支撑作用,国家组织开展了一系列关于资源、生态和环境等领域的科技计划,有效支撑了美丽中国建设的理论探索、生态环境保护修复和生态文明体制建设决策支持等方面的科技需求。本文在梳理过去十年国际及发达国家生态环境领域科技研发布局情况,以及我国相关领域科技研发计划和推进情况的基础上,重点介绍了中国科学院“美丽中国生态文明建设科技工程”战略性先导科技专项（A类）的主要研发内容及取得的阶段进展,并基于现状与期望分析,辨识有关领域科技前沿动态与发展趋势,提出关于下一步科技发展方向的建议,以期为党的二十大之后科技推进美丽中国建设的方向提供参考。     

芳烃燃烧钯催化剂的研究--载体、制备方法对催化活性的影响

以苯蒸气作为催化燃烧气，研究了３ 种不同载体和３ 种不同制备方法对金属负载型钯催化剂芳烃催化燃烧性能的影响，并用ＳＥＭ 对催化剂的表现形貌进行了分析．结果表明，载体及催化剂制备方法不同，催化剂的活性及耐热性不同．经一定的高温预处理后的含有稀土的ＦｅＣｒＡｌ 合金作载体性能较另两种载体优良；并提出了该催化剂较好的制备方法．     

基于响应面模型的区域大气污染控制辅助决策工具研发

基于CMAQ模型结果,利用高维克里金插值算法,建立了排放控制因子与污染物环境浓度的响应面模型(RSM),实现了大气污染可控源排放与复合污染水平的实时函数响应.研究结果显示,RSM对PM2.5的预测结果与CMAQ实际模拟结果的误差在容许范围内(最大误差小于0.20μg.m-3,3.89%).基于所建立的RSM,开发了RSM-VAT区域大气污染控制可视化辅助决策工具.使用RSM-VAT对美国8个典型城市的PM2.5污染状况进行了控制情景分析,通过"可视化展示"和"图表分析"二大模块,输出不同控制情景下的环境污染物浓度的实时响应图、可视化展示和数据分析图表等结果.     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.