拱形支架在煤矿巷道中的应用研究

针对目前一些高压力和不宜采用锚杆支护的巷道,为适应其支护的要求,研制开发了拱形支架。对于巷道支护,其着眼点应放在充分利用和发挥岩层的自承能力上。对本文的拱形支架支护,根据力法原理,采用曲梁模型进行了支架系统的力学分析,得出其最大承载能力;通过与直梁支架承载能力相比较,得到了拱形支架承载能力系数与支架半径和巷道跨度的影响关系。同时为了使巷道断面更为合理,对支架构件轮廓曲线进行了优化,以使支架构件的内力和变形最为合理。结果证明：拱形支架承载能力比直梁梯形支架的承载能力有大幅度提高,其半径和跨度直接影响着承载能力,从而有效解决了软岩巷道难以支护的问题。另外,从合理拱轴线的角度,得出在均布等压的巷道中,选用圆弧形支架构件进行支护,能最大程度地发挥支架的力学性能。     

Use of Multicriteria Decision Analysis to Address Conservation Conflicts

Conservation conflicts are increasing on a global scale and instruments for reconciling competing interests are urgently needed. Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a structured, decision‐support process that can facilitate dialogue between groups with differing interests and incorporate human and environmental dimensions of conflict. MCDA is a structured and transparent method of breaking down complex problems and incorporating multiple objectives. The value of this process for addressing major challenges in conservation conflict management is that MCDA helps in setting realistic goals; entails a transparent decision‐making process; and addresses mistrust, differing world views, cross‐scale issues, patchy or contested information, and inflexible legislative tools. Overall we believe MCDA provides a valuable decision‐support tool, particularly for increasing awareness of the effects of particular values and choices for working toward negotiated compromise, although an awareness of the effect of methodological choices and the limitations of the method is vital before applying it in conflict situations. Uso de Análisis de Decisiones Multicriterio para Abordar Conflictos de Conservación     

Evaluating Areas of High Conservation Value in Western Oregon with a Decision‐Support Model

Abstract: The Northwest Forest Plan was implemented in 1994 to protect habitat for species associated with old‐growth forests, including Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentailis caurina) in Washington, Oregon, and northern California (U.S.A.). Nevertheless, 10‐year monitoring data indicate mixed success in meeting the ecological goals of the plan. We used the ecosystem management decision‐support model to evaluate terrestrial and aquatic habitats across the landscape on the basis of ecological objectives of the Northwest Forest Plan, which included maintenance of late‐successional and old‐growth forest, recovery, and maintenance of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), and viability of Northern Spotted Owls. Areas of the landscape that contained habitat characteristics that supported these objectives were considered of high conservation value. We used the model to evaluate ecological condition of each of the 36, 180 township and range sections of the study area. Eighteen percent of the study area was identified as habitat of high conservation value. These areas were mostly on public lands. Many of the sections that contained habitat of exceptional conservation value were on Bureau of Land Management land that has been considered for management‐plan revisions to increase timber harvests. The results of our model can be used to guide future land management in the Northwest Forest Plan area, and illustrate how decision‐support models can help land managers develop strategies to better meet their goals.     

Organ targeted prenatal gene therapy—how far are we?

Prenatal gene therapy aims to deliver genes to cells and tissues early in prenatal life, allowing correction of a genetic defect, before long-term tissue damage has occurred. In contrast to postnatal gene therapy, prenatal application can target genes to a large population of dividing stem cells, and the smaller fetal size allows a higher vector-to-target cell ratio to be achieved. Early-gestation delivery may allow the development of immune tolerance to the transgenic protein which would facilitate postnatal repeat vector administration if needed. Targeting particular organs will depend on manipulating the vector to achieve selective tropism and on choosing the most appropriate gestational age and injection method for fetal delivery. Intra-amniotic injection reaches the skin, and other organs that are bathed in the fluid however since gene transfer to the lung and gut is usually poor more direct injection methods will be needed. Delivery to the liver and blood can be achieved by systemic delivery via the umbilical vein or peritoneal cavity. Gene transfer to the central nervous system in the fetus is difficult but newer vectors are available that transduce neuronal tissue even after systemic delivery. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of Self-Compatibility on the Distribution Range of Invasive European Plants in North America

Abstract:  Many plant species have been introduced to new continents, but only a small subset of these have become invasive. It has been predicted that self-compatible species, particularly those that do not need the services of pollinators, are more likely to establish and spread after long-distance dispersal. We tested whether this hypothesis, commonly called Baker's law, applies to 361 species that have invaded the United States from Europe. Species capable of autonomous seed production occurred in significantly more states than species requiring a pollen vector. Moreover, of the species that are not capable of autonomous seed production, self-compatible species occurred in significantly more states than those that are not self-compatible. The positive effect of autonomous seed production on the range of invasion was larger for abiotically pollinated species than for biotically pollinated species and for monocarpic species than for polycarpic species. These results support Baker's law, and we recommend that screening protocols for predicting invasiveness of species considered for introduction should include assessment of their breeding system.     

The Aquatic Conservation Strategy of the Northwest Forest Plan

Abstract:  Implemented in 1994, the Aquatic Conservation Strategy of the Northwest Forest Plan was designed to restore and maintain ecological processes for aquatic and riparian area conservation on federal lands in the western portion of the Pacific Northwest. We used decision support models to quantitatively evaluate changes in the condition of selected watersheds. In the approximately 10 years since strategy implementation, watershed condition scores changed modestly, but conditions improved in 64% of 250 sampled watersheds, declined in 28%, and remained relatively the same in 7%. Watersheds that had the largest declines included some where wildfires burned 30–60% of their area. The overall statistical distribution of the condition scores did not change significantly, however. Much of the increase in watershed condition was related to improved riparian conditions. The number of large trees (>51 cm diameter at breast height) increased 2–4%, and there were substantial reductions in tree harvest and other disturbances along streams. Whether such changes will translate into longer-term improvements in aquatic ecosystems across broader landscapes remains to be seen.     

Integrated resource management systems: Coupling expert systems with data-base management and geographic information systems

Decision making in natural resource management is becoming increasingly information-intensive because of the rising public concerns about resource conservation and environmental quality. The volume of information that must be analyzed and the complexity of the decision-making process demands that computerized systems be developed to provide decision support services. An integrated systems approach that couples data-base management, geographic information systems, and expert systems is needed. We refer to such an approach as integrated resource management automation (IRMA) and describe a prototype system that is currently being tested in the Nicolet National Forest. This type of information system is likely to play an increasingly important role in the management of natural resources in the future.     

农业生态经济系统的规划思路

本文旨在依据生态学的“循环再生整体协调”,经济学的“平衡原理”,系统科学的“整体优化原则”等的一致性内核,围绕人类经济活动与自然生态之间相互发展的关系,经过对农业中出现的一系列严重问题的分析,提出在我国建立以现代科技支撑的农业生态经济系统的规划理论思路,它与现有的规划理论方法相比,具有明显的可操作性和适用性。     

核级管道非标支架的力学分析与优化设计

目的基于核级管道支架的力学分析,针对性地提出非标支架优化设计方案。方法核电站中管道支架为确保管道系统的安全运行发挥着至关重要的作用。针对工况复杂、要求严苛、承载恶劣的管道支架,为满足其支撑与抗震功能,通常采用非标设计。深入研究非标支架的力学计算和评定方法。通过有限元计算评定结果,发现支架设计中不满足规范要求项,提出非标支架优化设计方案。结果首先针对支架整体结构刚度和稳定性不足,采取增加斜支撑与增强约束等结构性修改措施,进而确定增强支撑钢梁强度的优化方案,解决应力超过规范许用限值问题,最后对于问题集中的管道连接区域,提出局部支撑构件重新设计方案。结论该优化方案可为核级管道非标支架设计提供借鉴和指导,以满足核电标准规范和设计要求。     

基于决策树支持向量机算法的船用设备故障诊断

目的 提高船用设备的智能化水平,增强船舶的安全性、可靠性,对船上设备进行状态监测,并基于监测数据对设备健康状况进行评估,对可能存在的故障工况进行识别.方法 通过采集机舱内的振动数据,对数据进行预处理、快速傅里叶变换,提取1/3倍频带特征,将倍频带谱信号作为特征向量,利用支持向量机算法进行模型训练及分类.对于船上多种工况及可能存在的多种故障类别,采用决策二叉树方法,提出一种快速、准确的状态监测及故障诊断策略.结果 在实验室工况下识别准确率接近100％.结论 该方法能够对船用设备进行状态监控、故障诊断、健康评估等提供支持,为设备检修、传感器布置等决策提供依据.