微量金属元素投加量优化组合对污泥发酵产乙酸的影响

污泥厌氧发酵生产乙酸是实现污泥减量化和资源化的有效途径. 为了提高污泥中的ρ(乙酸),分别考察了Fe2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+5种微量金属元素的投加影响. 结果表明,5种微量元素都可以促进污泥中乙酸的产生,作用大小依次为Co2+>Mn2+>Fe2+> Zn2+>Cu2+. 但当Fe2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Mn2+投加量(以w计)分别超过0.100 0%、0.006 0%、0.002 0%、0.004 0%和0.100 0%时,ρ(乙酸)却明显下降. 分别选取Fe2+(0.040 0%~0.150 0%)、Co2+(0.002 0%~0.008 0%)、Cu2+(0.000 5%~0.006 0%)、Zn2+(0.000 5%~0.010 0%)和Mn2+(0.040 0%~0.150 0%)进行响应面条件优化试验. 在Fe2+、Mn2+投加量均为0.090 0%,Co2+、Zn2+投加量均为0.005 0%,Cu2+投加量为0.003 5%的组合优化条件下,ρ(乙酸)高达3 452 mg/L,比优化前提高了61.80%. 最优的微量元素投量组合条件下获得的试验结果与二次响应面回归模型预测值(3 475 mg/L)拟合率高达99.34%,表明所建立的回归模型可行.      

沈阳地区地表水、浅层地下水及沿岸土壤中苯

对沈阳地区主要地表水(浑河、细河、蒲河、沈抚灌渠)及其沿岸地下水和土壤中苯系物(BTEX)的污染特点和分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:细河和沈抚灌渠地表水中BTEX检出率较高(33%～67%),苯和甲苯是该区域的主要污染物,ρ(苯)和ρ(甲苯)分别为<0.30～24.90和<0.30～354.00 μg/L;地表水检出的BTEX均未超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006)的限值(1 510 μg/L). 细河两岸的浅层地下水在一定程度上受到BTEX的污染,苯和甲苯的检出率分别为25%～33%和13%～25%,二甲苯和乙苯检出率较低(0～20%). 彰驿镇19个监测井中有2个浅层地下水监测井中的ρ(苯)超过GB5749—2006限值(10 μg/L),夏季ρ(苯)最大值为236.00 μg/L. 沿岸附近土壤中5种BTEX全部被检出,检出率均高于相应的河水. 研究区包气带土壤层虽具有良好的防污性能,但也具有储存和阻碍BTEX挥发和降解的负面效应,对当地的生态系统和人类健康构成了潜在的威胁.      

壳聚糖稳定纳米铁去除地表水中Cr(Ⅵ)污染的影响因素

以壳聚糖为稳定剂,制备纳米零价铁颗粒,TEM表征结果显示:其粒径分布范围为20—150 nm,平均粒径为82.4 nm.研究表明,壳聚糖稳定的纳米铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的还原反应符合一级反应动力学方程.溶液中投加稳定剂壳聚糖,当壳聚糖浓度为150 mg.l-1时,80 min内表观一级动力学常数kobs约为空白溶液的2倍;干扰离子Ca2+,Mg2+,HCO3-和CO32-对壳聚糖稳定纳米铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的批试验结果显示,Ca2+和Mg2+在80 min内使壳聚糖稳定纳米铁对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率分别降低了约20%和10%;HCO3-和CO32-的存在使去除率降低了约10%.     

Correlations between forest fires in British Columbia, Canada, and sea surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean

Correlations and cross-correlations between forest fires in the province of British Columbia, Canada, and sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean were evaluated. British Columbia has a long Pacific Ocean coastline; given that there may be teleconnections between the province's forest fires and climate variability over the ocean, significant correlations may exist between forest fires and the sea surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean. Fire occurrences and areas burned through lightning-caused and human-caused fires were analyzed against individual 1° × 1° grid cells of anomalies in the sea surface temperature to determine correlations for the period 1950-2006. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) for vast areas of the ocean were found between occurrences of lightning-caused fires and sea surface temperature anomalies for time lags of 1 and 2 years, whereas significant correlations between occurrences of human-caused fires and sea surface temperature anomalies occurred extensively for many time lags. To support the results of this approach, correlations between fire data and the Niño 3.4, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Arctic Oscillation indices were tested for the same period. Significant correlations were found between fire occurrences and these indices at certain time lags. Overall, fire occurrence appeared to be more extensively correlated with sea surface temperature anomalies than was area burned. These results support the hypothesis that teleconnections exist between fire activity in British Columbia and sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, and the correlations suggest that linear regression models or other regression techniques may be appropriate for predicting fire severity from the sea surface temperatures of one or more previous years.     

新疆博斯腾湖表层沉积物中硅藻分布特征及影响因素分析

通过采集新疆博斯腾湖不同水深、矿化度、营养盐浓度及pH环境下的湖泊表层沉积物,提取硅藻并进行种属组合分析,研究了中国西北干旱区半封闭淡水湖泊中硅藻的分布特征,并且运用降维对应分析（DCA）,探讨了影响博斯腾湖现生硅藻组合特征的主要水质环境因子及硅藻种属对水体理化性质变化的响应。研究结果表明,在博斯腾湖硅藻组合受湖泊水深、矿化度影响明显分区：河口区受水体扰动作用影响明显,硅藻浓度变化大,以Fragilaria属为主;黄水湾区硅藻分布受矿化度及pH影响显著,以Mastogloia smithii、Navicula anglica、Gomphonema parvulum等底栖、喜碱性、微咸水种为主,淡水种Fragilaria属的含量明显低于其它区域,其含量的高低指示了水体矿化度的变化;在湖心区硅藻组合主要响应于水深变化,当水深增加时,Cyclotella radiosa、C.meneghiniana、Fragilaria bidens等浮游种含量显著增加,Mastogloria smithii、Gomphonema parvulum等底栖种含量明显降低或消失,且发现Fragilaria属在5.4～7.8m水深处生长繁盛。研究结果为建立中国西北干旱区的硅藻-环境因子关系数据库、重建本地区过去环境提供了理论依据。     

NKA—Ⅱ大孔吸附树脂吸附高浓度苯胺溶液的试验研究

本文利用ＮＫＡ－Ⅱ大孔吸附树脂对高浓度苯胺溶液进行了静态吸附试验,希望利用大孔吸附树脂从化工废水中回收苯胺。     

GENERAL-CIRCULATION-MODEL SIMULATIONS OF FUTURE SNOWPACK IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: April 1 snowpack accumulations measured at 311 snow courses in the western United States (U.S.) are grouped using a correlation-based cluster analysis. A conceptual snow accumulation and melt model and monthly temperature and precipitation for each cluster are used to estimate cluster-average April 1 snowpack. The conceptual snow model is subsequently used to estimate future snowpack by using changes in monthly temperature and precipitation simulated by the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (CCC) and the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HADLEY) general circulation models (GCMs). Results for the CCC model indicate that although winter precipitation is estimated to increase in the future, increases in temperatures will result in large decreases in April 1 snowpack for the entire western U.S. Results for the HADLEY model also indicate large decreases in April 1 snowpack for most of the western US, but the decreases are not as severe as those estimated using the CCC simulations. Although snowpack conditions are estimated to decrease for most areas of the western US, both GCMs estimate a general increase in winter precipitation toward the latter half of the next century. Thus, water quantity may be increased in the western US; however, the timing of runoff will be altered because precipitation will more frequently occur as rain rather than as snow.     

CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND FLOOD FREQUENCY ESTIMATION FOR THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI AND LOWER MISSOURI RIVERS1

ABSTRACT: This paper considers the distribution of flood flows in the Upper Mississippi, Lower Missouri, and Illinois Rivers and their relationship to climatic indices. Global climate patterns including El Niño/Southern Oscillation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and the North Atlantic Oscillation explained very little of the variations in flow peaks. However, large and statistically significant upward trends were found in many gauge records along the Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers: at Hermann on the Missouri River above the confluence with the Mississippi (p = 2 percent), at Hannibal on the Mississippi River (p < 0.1 percent), at Meredosia on the Illinois River (p = 0.7 percent), and at St. Louis on the Mississippi below the confluence of all three rivers (p = 1 percent). This challenges the traditional assumption that flood series are independent and identically distributed random variables and suggests that flood risk changes over time.     

强化好氧颗粒污泥稳定性的水力条件响应研究

好氧颗粒污泥是一项极具潜力的新型污水生物处理技术,但颗粒结构易失稳是瓶颈问题.本文围绕反应体系水力条件与颗粒污泥稳定性的相互关系,以序批式生物反应器(SBR)运行过程接种污泥(0d)、形成初期颗粒污泥(30d)和稳定颗粒污泥(90d)为研究对象,考察不同水力条件下颗粒污泥聚集形式和表面性质变化规律.结果表明,接种絮体污...     

CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION AND OVERBANK FLOW IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT1

ABSTRACT: Historic changes in stream channel morphology were investigated in the Georgia Piedmont to better understand the hydrologic processes and functioning of the region's riverine systems. USGS gaging station data and channel geomorphology data were collected from thirty study sites in the Upper Oconee River Basin for flood frequency analysis. Historic and modern (i.e., present-day) channel capacity discharge (i.e., overbank flow) was calculated using Manning's equation and historic channel cross-section records. The recurrence interval for overbank flow was estimated for each site from flood frequency data. Results indicate that channel expansion has occurred throughout the basin, especially in upper reaches. Recurrence intervals for modern overbank events were variable and generally high ranging from < 2 to > 500 years for first to third order streams. They were less variable and lower for fourth and fifth order streams, ranging from < 2 to 3 years. Potential depositional thresholds were identified that exemplify the complex response of sediment distribution patterns throughout the basin. Results indicate overbank flows occur less frequently now than they once did due to historic accelerated sedimentation and subsequent channel expansion. One application of these findings is that these basin processes are likely applicable across the region and may impact the hydrologic functioning of associated Piedmont riverine wetlands that depend on flooding regimes.