徐州市北郊农田土壤重金属污染趋势面分析及其容量研究

本文把趋势面分析的数学方法应用于土壤重金属污染调查研究中,使重金属含量分布、污染情况等众多信息集中反映在一张图上,结果令人满意。同时结合当地重金属输入、输出情况,建立了动态平衡模式,计算出该区重金属的土壤环境动容量,并进行了土壤环境预测,为综合治理土壤污染提供了科学依据。     

官厅流域农田地表径流磷流失初探

农田径流和侵蚀泥沙是磷进入官厅水库的主要非点污染源。针对该流域夏季农田暴雨径流发生的典型情景进行模拟降雨径流试验，对该流域农田地表径流泥沙和磷流失进行了初步的研究，结果表明，本降雨过程径流累积泥沙产量为30．5l～2493．34g／m^2，受雨强、坡度和作物覆盖的影响明显；径流溶解态磷(DP)中绝大部分是生物可利用性磷(DRP)，径流平均DP、DRP浓度都远大于水体允许临界值0．02mg／L，对官厅水体存在直接污染危害。径流累积全磷(TP)流失达O．0439～2．0798g/m^2；估算的流域农田径流全磷(TP)流失水平达2．67kg／(hm^2．a)以上，其颗粒态占969，0以上，可能成为官厅水库浮游生物长期丰富的潜在可利用磷源。降低农田土壤速效磷水平、减少水土侵蚀，是控制库区水华季节性发生和复原库区水体富营养化状态的关键。     

水体表面微层的环境化学研究

水体表面微层是大气和水体间的界面，其物理、化学和生物特性可影响水体中各种物质的存在形式及最终归缩。本文总结了近几十年的参考文献，对表面微层的采样及各类物质的表面微层的行为做了系统的论述，指出了研究的难点和今后的发展方向。     

上海市松江镇饮用水水源区的保护与环境管理方案

保护集镇饮用水河流是当前水污染防治工作的重点。本文通过现状分析，针对城乡结合部河流以面源为主的特点，找出影响饮用水河流水质的主要污染源及污水排放特征．用系统分析方法，将集镇的经济、人口、环境统计资料作为环境管理模型的主要输入信息，经计算机仿真，得出保护水源水质应采取的对策与治理方案。     

天津地区表层土中饱和烃的组成与分布特征

为揭示天津地区不同环境功能区表层土壤中饱和烃污染特征及其来源,分析了该地区几个具代表性的环境功能区表层土(0～25cm)中饱和烃化合物的组成和分布特征,重点讨论了正构烷烃和甾、萜烷烃类化合物的组成、分布及环境意义,比较了不同层次(亚层)(0～5cm,5～10cm,10～15cm,15～20cm,20～25cm)中这些化合物及相关的地球化学参数的变化规律。结果表明,不同采样点以及同一采样点的不同亚层之间正构烷烃的组成特征存在不同程度的差别,而甾、萜烷烃类化合物组成与分布特征均较为接近。正构烷烃以及甾、萜类地球化学参数综合分析揭示,不同采样点之间正构烷烃的来源多样,中低分子量的正构烷烃主要来源于石油等化石燃料,高分子量正构烷烃主要来源于高等植物蜡的分解产物,但甾、萜烷烃类化合物的来源是一致的,且主要来源于石油烃污染。不同采样点表层土中饱和烃的来源及污染程度均存在一定的差别,市区、油田附近、经济开发区以及近郊区受石油源影响较重,北部山区污染较轻,且主要来源于高等植物的降解。除个别采样点外,同一采样点不同亚层之间饱和烃的组成特征基本一致,表明污染源是一致的,主要来源由表层污染物往下迁移所致。     

红壤坡地不同土地利用类型地表产流特征

在自然降水条件下,连续8 a对红壤丘陵坡地6种不同利用方式下的地表径流进行观测分析.结果表明,自然恢复保护能显著减少地表径流量,不同土地利用类型间地表径流量存在显著差异,其大小依次为:农作区＞甜柿区＞茶园区＞湿地松区＞干扰恢复区＞恢复区.各土地利用类型地表径流量存在明显的季节分布特征,产流主要发生于4-8月,降雨量和2.5～8.0 mm·h-1降雨强度是影响径流量的关键因素.恢复区和干扰恢复区呈现良好的水土保持效应,累积径流量增长缓慢;纯林生态系统水土保持效应与林木种类密切相关;农耕地由于土壤扰动大,水土流失严重,累积径流量增长迅速.必须通过构建合理的农林复合生态系统以进一步防治南方地区的水土流失.     

A Numerical and Field Investigation of Surface Heat Fluxes from Small Wind-Sheltered Waterbodies in Semi-Arid Western Australia

Shelterbelts are used for a variety of purposes in agricultural environments, primarily because of their ability to improve the downwind microclimate. Excessive evaporative losses from small, agricultural water supply reservoirs in semi-arid Western Australia motivated a combined numerical modelling and field investigation into the potential for using shelterbelts to reduce evaporation from these open waterbodies. A numerical model of the disturbed momentum and turbulence fields in the region modified by the wind-shelter was employed and accounted for the presence of a waterbody downwind. The model was coupled with conservation equations for heat and moisture and sensible and latent heat fluxes were estimated from the simulated momentum, temperature and humidity fields. The numerical simulations were tested against four days of field data from two experiments conducted in the agricultural districts of southwest Western Australia that measured boundary-layer evolution over a variety of small waterbodies protected by artifical and natural wind-shelters. The model provided good predictions of windspeed during neutral conditions, but inadequate specification of the upwind boundary during non-neutral stabilities resulted in the model failing to capture any sensitivity to atmospheric stability as seen in the field data. Despite this limitation, the temperature and humidity fields were adequately captured by the model, and evaporative mass flux predictions also agreed well with estimates taken from water-balance measurements. It is concluded that well-designed wind-shelters can reduce evaporation from open waterbodies by 20–30% as a result of reductions in the velocity scales responsible for removing moisture from the water surface. The model can be used to estimate the values of various shelterbelt design parameters (e.g., porosity, height) that could be applied in the field to provide optimum evaporation reductions.     

垃圾填埋场及周边水系中汞污染调查

对上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液、地下水和地表径流水监测分析表明：渗滤液中的汞主要为以颗粒态汞(S-Hg)形式存在，污水处理系统可以使颗粒态汞(S-Hg)随颗粒物沉积到底泥中，但是对可溶态汞(D-Hg)去除没有明显作用；芦苇湿地可以有效地吸附和吸收渗滤液中各种形态汞，使汞浓度降到一个较低的水平；对地下水和地表水的分析结果显示，地下水基本没有受到汞污染，而地表水受到一定程度的污染。     

Preferential incubation positions for different sized eggs and their influence on incubation period and hatching asynchrony in Snares crested (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eudyptes robustus</Emphasis>) and yellow-eyed penguins (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Megadyptes antipodes</Emphasis>)

In crested penguins (Eudyptes spp.), second-laid eggs typically hatch before first eggs. Amongst a variety of factors that have been considered as mechanisms underlying this reversal, has been the idea that crested penguins can adjust the degree of hatching asynchrony by manipulating egg positions (i.e. placing the smaller first egg in the supposedly thermally disadvantaged anterior position) during incubation (termed Preferential Incubation Hypothesis). We tested this in the Snares crested penguin (Eudyptes robustus) and the closely related, but synchronously-hatching, yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes). Snares crested penguins were more likely to place their first eggs, which are smaller than second eggs, in the anterior incubation position than were yellow-eyed penguins, which have a clutch of two similar-sized eggs. But when yellow-eyed penguins, a non-brood reducing species, were provided with an artificial size-dimorphic clutch, they also placed smaller eggs more frequently in the anterior position, suggesting that a general preference exists among penguins to place smaller eggs in the anterior position. Egg temperatures of small first eggs of Snares crested penguins were higher in the anterior than in the posterior position. Large first eggs in lesser size-dimorphic clutches experienced high temperature differences in relation to position, while small first eggs in greater size-dimorphic clutches were incubated at similar temperatures. In yellow-eyed penguins, large eggs within clutches generally had higher egg temperatures than small eggs. Incubation periods of second eggs declined with increasing egg size. Egg-size variation, rather than egg positioning behaviour, influenced hatching patterns in Snares crested penguins. In lesser size-dimorphic clutches, second eggs were more likely to hatch first while in greater size-dimorphic clutches, small first eggs were more likely to hatch at the same time or before the second eggs. This was similar in yellow-eyed penguins, where second eggs hatched earlier in clutches with large first eggs. Our data contradicts the Preferential Incubation Hypothesis and we conclude that this hypothesis is unlikely to explain the reversed hatching asynchrony in crested penguins.Communicated by C. Brown     

The Surface Roughness of a Rubber Soling Material Determines the Coefficient of Friction on Water-Lubricated Surfaces

For more than a decade, evidence has been accumulating that points to the fact that the microscopic roughness of the footwear soling surface is a major determinant of slip-resistance on lubricated surfaces, but conclusive experimental proof has been lacking. This article describes an experiment in which five pairs of shoes were soled with the same rubber compound. Four of the pairs were abraded by different grades of grit to produce a range of roughness values. The coefficient of friction (CoF) of the five solings was then measured repeatedly by the walking traction method on wet surfaces including glazed wall tiles, vinyl asbestos coated with the wax floor polish, and both sides of a sheet of float glass. The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test proved beyond doubt that the soling roughness is a major factor in determining the CoF of this rubber soling material; p < 10⁻⁵. Nearly all of the grip was due to surface roughness of the soling material on these atypically smooth floors, although the surface roughness of the floors also had a significant effect on CoF; p < 0.003. Float glass is shown to be a promising reference floor material for the measurement of CoF of footwear; there was no statistical difference between results for the two sides of the glass sheet. Float glass could be used in the development of a standard CoF test method because new sheets of glass from the same manufacturer are identical and extremely smooth. The specification of CoF values for solings/floors combinations in lubricated conditions is of little value unless associated with roughness measurements and knowledge of how wear will affect the surface roughness of the sole. This article reports the first evidence that any specification of flooring by measuring CoF based on dry surfaces could lead to an increase in the number of injuries caused by slipping on the wet surfaces. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd