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731.
Michael A. Huston Thomas A. Fontaine 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(4):651-661
ABSTRACT: A large storm in December 1990 allowed the evaluation of flood predictions from a hydrologic model (TOPMODEL) that had been previously calibrated on the West Fork of Walker Branch Watershed, a gauged 37.5 ha catchment near Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The model predicts both hydrograph dynamics and the spatial distribution of overland flow using an index based on topography. Maximum extent of overland flow during the storm was determined from patterns of leaf litter removal from valley bottoms. Both the flood hydrograph and the extent of overland flow were accurately predicted using model parameters obtained from a three-month period of normal flow conditions during 1983. 相似文献
732.
David S. Leigh 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(4):739-748
ABSTRACT: Gold was discovered in Georgia in 1829 and mined until about 1940 in the Dahionega Gold Belt of the north Goorgia Piedmont. Streams there are characterized by gravel beds and fine sandy to silty banks. Historical mining-related alluvium is clearly distinguished from prehistoric alluvium because it is contaminated with mercury (Hg), which was used by miners to amalgamate gold. Mercury concentrations in historical floodplain sediments range from 0.04 to 4.0 mg kg?1, exceeding background (0.04 mg kg1) by as much as two orders of magnitude near the core of the mining district and decreasing in the downstream direction. Low levels (≤ 0.1 mg kg1) of Hg are established within about 10–15 km from the source mines. The mercury-contaminated sediment exceeds sediment quality guidelines set by many agencies, and is a significant nonpoint source for mercury pollution. Hydraulic mining of saprolite, which began in 1868, and cutting of forests associated with mining and settlement caused unusually rapid sedimentation (1–3 cm yr?l) and floodplain aggradation in the region. After mining ceased, streams adjusted by downcutting and forming an historical-age terrace. A new floodplain is currently being formed as streams migrate lateraily and erode the mining-related sediment of the historical terrace. High magnitude floods are contained within the confines of the historical terrace, thus limiting quantities of over-bank sedimentation, causing channel bank erosion, and transmitting high sediment yields to reservoirs in the region. 相似文献
733.
734.
译文叙述了地面和地下储油罐对环境影响的差异、美国环保局(EPA)对此的有关规定、石油污染法、全国污染物排除控制系统(NPDES)等。最后介绍地面油罐法规具体内容。 相似文献
735.
Robert V Rohli John M. Grymes 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(1):97-107
ABSTRACT: A one-layer decreasing-availability monthly water balance model is used to estimate monthly surplus that flows into the Lake Pontchartrain Basin from the Amite, Tickfaw, Natalbany, Tangipahoa, and Tchefuncte Rivers for water years 1949 through 1990. The modeled annual surplus for each drainage basin is compared to gauged annual discharge obtained from the United States Geological Survey. This provides an estimate of the differential success of the model over watersheds of various sizes, and also suggests appropriate adjustment factors to be used in future water balance analyses of similar basins in humid subtropical climate regions. Results show that annual surplus values agree well with the USGS values, after an annual adjustment of about 140 mm (11 to 28 percent of the basin surplus) is subtracted from the annual modeled totals to compensate for overestimation by the model. However, inter-annual variability is high in the annual cycles. Winter and spring discharges can also be modeled successfully. 相似文献
736.
D. P. Larsen N. S. Urquhart D. L. Kugler 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(1):117-140
ABSTRACT: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a sample survey design to answer questions about the ecological condition and trends in condition of U.S. ecological resources. To meet the objectives, the design relies on a probability sample of the resource population of interest (e.g., a random sample of lakes) each year on which measurements are made during an index period. Natural spatial and temporal variability and variability in the sampling process all affect the ability to describe the status of a population and the sensitivity for trend detection. We describe the important components of variance and estimate their magnitude for indicators of trophic condition of lakes to illustrate the process. We also describe models for trend detection and use them to demonstrate the sensitivity of the proposed design to detect trends. If the variance structure that develops during the probability surveys is like that synthesized from available databases and the literature, then the trends in common indicators of trophic condition of the specified magnitude should be detectable within about a decade for Secchi disk transparency (0.5–1 percentiyear) and total phosphorus (2–3 percent/year), but not for chlorophyll-a (> 3–4 percent/year), which will take longer. 相似文献
737.
738.
Elizabeth W. Sulzman Karen A. Poiani Timothy G. F. Kittel 《Environmental management》1995,19(2):197-224
The rapid increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases has caused concern because of their potential to alter
the earth's radiation budget and disrupt current climate patterns While there are many uncertainties associated with use of
general circulation models (GCMs), GCMs are currently the best available technology to project changes in climate associated
with elevated gas concentrations. Results indicate increases in global temperature and changes in global precipitation patterns
are likely as a result of doubled CO2.
GCMs are not reliable for use at the regional scale because local scale processes and geography are not taken into account.
Comparison of results from five GCMs in three regions of the United States indicate high variability across regions and among
models depending on season and climate variable. Statistical methods of scaling model output and nesting finer resolution
models in global models are two techniques that may improve projections.
Despite the many limitations in GCMs, they are useful tools to explore climate-earth system dynamics when used in conjunction
with water resource and ecosystem models. A variety of water resource models showed significant alteration of regional hydrology
when run with both GCM-generated and hypothetical climate scenarios, regardless of region or model complexity. Similarly,
ecological models demonstrate the sensitivity of ecosystem production, nutrient dynamics, and distribution to changes in climate
and CO2 levels.
We recommend the use of GCM-based scenarios in conjunction with water resource and ecosystem models to guide environmental
management and policy in a “no-regrets” framework or as part of a precautionary approach to natural resource protection. 相似文献
739.
Mingteh Chang Steven P Watters Alexander K Sayok 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(2):327-333
ABSTRACT: Ten topographic analysis methods were employed to estimate watershed mean slopes for 13 small forested watersheds (32 to 131 mi2) in East Texas. Of the ten methods employed, the mean slope curve is the most accurate but also the most tedious and laborious one. The method can be simplified by measuring only the lengths of five contours and the areas between these contours within the watershed with little loss of its accuracy. Watershed slopes estimated by the contour length method, the grid contour method, the systematic slope sampling method, and the simplified contour length method are satisfactory for general purposes and relatively simple. The watershed circumference-stream length method, the length-width axis method, the Justin method, and the regression plane method are not suitable for estimating watershed slopes in East Texas without modification. 相似文献
740.
D. A. Higgins S. B. Maloney A. R. Tiedemann T. M. Quigley 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1989,25(1):87-100
ABSTRACT: Rainfall and runoff data from 485 storms during the summers of 1979–84 were evaluated to characterize storm runoff volumes (SF) and peak flows (QP) for 13 small watersheds in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and to determine differences among grazing intensities and vegetation types. Storm hydrographs were separated by using watershed-specific baseflow rise rates of 0.002–0.013 cfsm/hr. Median SF and QP were 0.0014 in and 0.43 cfsm, respectively, for all storms. Total storm rainfall (PPT) and initial flow (QI) were important stepwise regression variables in accounting for the variation in SF and peak flow above initial flow (QPI); 30- and 60-mm rainfall intensities and rainfall duration were relatively unimportant. Two classes of vegetation were evaluated: (1) western larch-Douglas-fir (nine watersheds), and (2) other (four watersheds representing fir-spruce, lodgepole pine, mountain meadow, and ponderosa pine). Mean SF and QP did not differ (P=0.05) among vegetation classes but significant differences were apparent in the relation of SF to PPT and QI, and QPI to PPT and QI. As PPT and QI increased, SF and QPI from larch-Douglas-fir watersheds increased at a slower rate than they did from the other watersheds. Four levels of grazing intensity had no effect on storm runoff. 相似文献