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741.
742.
Jennifer K. Holman‐Dodds A. Allen Bradley Kenneth W. Potter 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(1):205-215
ABSTRACT: As watersheds are urbanized, their surfaces are made less pervious and more channelized, which reduces infiltration and speeds up the removal of excess runoff. Traditional storm water management seeks to remove runoff as quickly as possible, gathering excess runoff in detention basins for peak reduction where necessary. In contrast, more recently developed “low impact” alternatives manage rainfall where it falls, through a combination of enhancing infiltration properties of pervious areas and rerouting impervious runoff across pervious areas to allow an opportunity for infiltration. In this paper, we investigate the potential for reducing the hydrologic impacts of urbanization by using infiltration based, low impact storm water management. We describe a group of preliminary experiments using relatively simple engineering tools to compare three basic scenarios of development: an undeveloped landscape; a fully developed landscape using traditional, high impact storm water management; and a fully developed landscape using infiltration based, low impact design. Based on these experiments, it appears that by manipulating the layout of urbanized landscapes, it is possible to reduce impacts on hydrology relative to traditional, fully connected storm water systems. However, the amount of reduction in impact is sensitive to both rainfall event size and soil texture, with greatest reductions being possible for small, relatively frequent rainfall events and more pervious soil textures. Thus, low impact techniques appear to provide a valuable tool for reducing runoff for the events that see the greatest relative increases from urbanization: those generated by the small, relatively frequent rainfall events that are small enough to produce little or no runoff from pervious surfaces, but produce runoff from impervious areas. However, it is clear that there still needs to be measures in place for flood management for larger, more intense, and relatively rarer storm events, which are capable of producing significant runoff even for undeveloped basins. 相似文献
743.
Francisco Olivera Rajeev Raina 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(5):1235-1248
ABSTRACT: The Network Tracing Method (NTM) has been developed to determine gridded coarse river networks for modeling large hydrologic systems. For a coarse resolution grid, the NTM determines the downstream cell of each cell and the distance along the actual meandering flow paths between them. Unlike previously developed methods, the NTM uses fine resolution vector river networks as the source of information of the flow patterns rather than digital elevation models. The main advantage of using vector river networks as input is that they capture the hydrologic terrain features better than topographic data do, particularly in areas of low topographic relief. The NTM was applied to South America with a grid resolution of 1 degree by 1 degree and to the globe with a resolution of 2.815 degrees by 2.8125 degrees. Overall, the method captured the flow patterns well. Generated digital river networks and drainage divides showed minor disagreement with those obtained from existing maps, and most of them were consistent with the resolution of the coarse river network. The majority of estimated basin areas were also close to documented values. River lengths calculated with the NTM, however, were consistently underpredicted. 相似文献
744.
随着城市化和工业化的不断推进,城市土壤和地表灰尘重金属污染日趋严重,对城市环境和人类健康构成威胁,已成为国内外城市环境研究的热点问题.从重金属污染水平及其时空特征、污染源解析方法、生态和健康风险这3个主要方面,对国内外城市土壤和地表灰尘重金属研究成果进行了梳理和归纳.分析了当前研究存在的不足,并对未来研究进行了展望,即研究土壤和地表灰尘重金属在不同条件下的相互影响机制,通过丰富验证方法加强重金属来源解析模型结果的可靠性研究,加强来源驱动下重金属化学形态差异和地表灰尘短期累积污染过程的研究,完善暴露参数并深入探究重金属的化学形态对其生态和健康风险的影响,以提高风险预测水平. 相似文献
745.
Jose L. Marco-Brown Eric M. Gaigneaux Rosa M. Torres Sánchez María dos Santos Afonso 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2019,54(4):281-289
The picloram (PCM) adsorption on nontronite, illite and kaolinite was studied at pH 3, 5 and 7. The adsorption isotherms had well-fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models equations. The interactions of PCM with the clay mineral surfaces exhibited an anionic profile adsorption, with a decrease in adsorption when the pH increases. The PCM adsorption capacity increases in the following order: kaolinite?<?illite?<?nontronite. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of PCM-clay samples revealed that the picloram molecule does not enter into the clays basal space. The interaction of PCM with clays surface sites through nitrogen of the pyridine ring was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Due to the anionic form of PCM, the adsorption onto the external and edges surface sites of the clay minerals was proposed. 相似文献
746.
以四川农业大学成都校区为监测点,采用大气主动采样法(AA)、大气干表面法(ADS)及大气湿表面法(AWS)3种常用干沉降采集方法做大气磷干沉降通量对比试验。结果表明,3种采样方法获得的大气磷干沉降通量间具有显著的差异性及相关性(P0.05),三者间可以进行换算统一;AA法适用于较短采样周期的连续性监测研究,ADS法适用于较长采样周期(5 d)的监测研究,而AWS法更适用于在长采样周期(月)内选取一段时间作为干沉降监测的研究。 相似文献
747.
748.
以凹凸棒土为载体、MnO_2为活性组分,制备了MnO_2陶粒臭氧氧化催化剂,并以草酸为模拟污染物,采用响应面法对催化剂的制备条件进行了优化。实验结果表明:各因素对草酸去除率影响的显著性顺序为MnO_2投加量盐酸溶液质量分数煅烧时间煅烧温度。催化剂的最佳制备条件为:MnO_2投加量200 mg/g,盐酸溶液质量分数20%,煅烧时间2 h,煅烧温度400℃。在初始草酸质量浓度150 mg/L、溶液pH 3.11、臭氧投加量8.10 mg/min、臭氧-氧气曝气量400 m L/min的条件下,最佳条件制备的催化剂在反应30 min时的草酸去除率达66.99%。催化剂具有良好的活性稳定性,且催化过程中Mn~(2+)溶出量低。催化剂具有较大的比表面积,负载的MnO_2类型为α-MnO_2和β-MnO_2。 相似文献
749.
同时对海河流域东北部6个水库型地表水水源地开展了藻类及微囊藻毒素(MC-LR和MC-RR)相关研究工作。研究结果表明:海河流域东北部6个水库型地表水水源地中水体富营养化程度有明显改善,但于桥水库、洋河水库水体仍呈富营养化状态并检出MC-LR和MC-RR。另外,富营养化程度高的水体中蓝藻占明显优势,并且微囊藻毒素浓度与其成正相关关系。虽然检出的MC-RR和MC-LR浓度均低于《生活饮用水卫生规范》标准限制,但是在蓝藻暴发期间(特别是暴发后期)应加密监测,确保微囊藻毒素浓度不会对供水人群健康造成危害。 相似文献
750.
按照《国家地表水环境质量监测网监测任务作业指导书(试行)》中实验室分析测试的质量保证和质量控制要求,结合江苏省南京环境监测中心的实际工作,综合分析2017年10月—2018年8月间国家地表水采测分离工作中环境标准样品在样品测试准确度验证、检测人员能力确认、检测设备期间核查及关键化学试剂检查等方面的应用情况。为保障环境监测结果量值溯源的统一性、准确性、一致性和可比性,提出丰富水环境标准样品的浓度水平、解决标准样品供需不平衡问题、改善消耗量大的标准样品操作方法、建立环境标准样品使用信息共享平台等实践建议,为合理提升环境标准样品应用效能、有效保证水环境监测数据质量提供参考。 相似文献