Historical survey and the cultivation of a new culture regarding the ecology in China's Western Provinces

The Chinese leadership in recent years has clearly indicated that priority will be given to the development of the western provinces. In view of its under-developed economy, the relative poor education of the population and the extensive mode of development, environmental pollution and ecological damage in western China are more serious than in the east. In China's industrialization process in the modern era, the blind imitation of the initial stage of industrialization in the advanced countries and the total rejection of traditional Chinese cultural values have been particularly striking. Hence, the western provinces should adopt a mode of sustainable development based on establishment of an ecological culture. Environmentalists in China would like to concentrate on reforming the modes of production and the people's lifestyles through changing their views and values. They perceive this as the major commitment for building an ecological culture and promoting sustainable development. But large-scale and concentrated damage to the environment are very often the result of neglect and mistakes by government authorities and corporations. Pessimists worry that this millennium will signal the terminal stage for natural values; but there may be an alternative: a millennium of coordinated development, respecting the environment and based on adoption of a new ecological culture.     

Development of odorous gas sampler and investigation of its practicality

The existing gas sampler is deficient in regard to its efficiency, handling and ability. In order to solve these problems, a new gas sampler was developed and its function was investigated. The sampler is a vessel made of aluminium and contains a polyester bag inside the vessel. The vacuum method is employed for taking the gas. The maximum capacity of the gas volume that can be taken is about 15 liters and sampling time can be from 15 sec to 10 min per sample. In addition, many odor surveys were carried out and the practicality of the new sampler was investigated. It was concluded that the new sampler was easy to handle and was more efficient than the existing gas sampler.     

Measuring marginal willingness to pay using conjoint analysis and developing benefit transfer functions in various Asian cities

We need a consistent methodology to measure the co-benefits of climate change mitigation across Asian countries. This study chose a strategy of modifying the Japan-specific life-cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME) for wider application across countries. LIME has two dimensions. First, it is an environmental science that links the cause-and-effect chain. Second, it is an environmental valuation that weighs four endpoint damages in monetary terms through a conjoint analysis that is derived from an Internet-based questionnaire survey. This article describes the modification of the methodology for application of the conjoint analysis to weigh environmental impacts. We approached the investigation as follows. First, we conducted Internet surveys to measure marginal willingness-to-pay (MWTP). We used a sample of 112 respondents in their 20 s to 40 s, divided equally between men and women, in 11 cities across China, India, and Southeast Asia. The results obtained showed clear statistical significance and were comparable across the cities. Second, we attempted to develop functions (called benefit transfer functions) to simplify the measured MWTP in order to apply it across different Asian countries. The functions were derived through a stepwise meta-analytic method, a type of multiple regression analysis whose independent variable was MWTP and dependent variables were attributes of both respondents and surveyed cities. The functions showed that coal consumption and percentage of nature reserve were dependent variables. Then, the MWTPs estimated from the functions were compared with the measured MWTP for transfer error, which is calculated by the absolute value of the difference between the estimated value and the measured value divided by the latter. The transfer error was below 50% in about 90% of the 44 results (a combination of four endpoints and 11 cities), implying that the developed functions were statistically significant.     

Decision‐making behaviour during urban search and rescue: a case study of Germany

The objective of assisting with tasks and decisions during incident response is to reduce the risks to victims and rescue personnel while increasing the efficiency of the rescue operation. Handling uncertain information during urban search and rescue (USAR) missions represents additional stress to the decision‐maker. The aim of this study is to identify the decision‐making behaviour of rescuers during USAR missions to pinpoint trapped or buried victims in debris in order to design assistance technologies and decision‐support systems that meet their needs. In 2010, a survey was conducted among 10–15 per cent of all German rescue personnel specialised in search tasks. One of the major results of this survey is that a subjective assessment of the reliability of information available from heterogeneous sources influences the rescuers’ actions and that there is no methodology for decision‐making involving uncertain information. In addition, the study found that compliance with procedures does not require assistance.     

我国部分地区职业卫生现状调研分析

我国四省市的企业职业卫生现状调研结果表明,调研地区职业病危害因素以粉尘、化学毒物和物理因素职业病危害因素为主,小、微型企业职业病危害的形势较为严峻。不同行业中主要职业病危害因素类型存在明显差异,石化类、化工类、建材类、电力类和纺织类行业的职业病危害因素接触率相对较高。建材类、纺织类和化工类是调研地区职业病危害防控的重点行业,结合职业病发病资料来看,建材类行业中职业病危害防控应引起高度重视。     

地质调查安全生产远程监控系统开发与应用

目前地质调查工作中广泛应用的车辆导航系统和手持GPS虽然具备一定的便利,但无法获取野外作业车辆、作业人员行动轨迹和位置,延误勤保障服务的及时提供和突发事件的应急处置。地质调查安全生产远程监控系统采用北斗卫星定位技术、Web技术、天地图技术和无线通信技术等相关技术,构建了对野外地质调查人员、车辆、飞机和轮船进行统一监控,定位追踪、轨迹回放、双向通信、紧急呼救、应急保障和数据传输等的功能模块,并全流程、实时、动态地测试了系统在不同环境下的运行情况。结果表明:地质调查安全生产远程监控系统在不同自然环境下运行都较稳定,基本可以实现定位和短信通讯功能。     

永久基本农田保护的实施评价与政策启示--以我国东部地区XX地级市为例

基于“三调”数据分析我国东部地区XX地级市永久基本农田保护变化,从流失去向与流失空间分布两个方面深入分析了其真实境况,从而提出切实的保护政策建议。结果表明:①流失去向包括农业结构调整、建设占用和自然损毁,其中农业结构调整占用为主导。②城市圈内比圈外占用普遍严重,尤其是城乡建设占用了大量基本农田。③永久基本农田存在空间错配现象,未做到“应划尽划”。据此,提出构建农户补偿机制、县级保护任务量与存量建设指标相挂钩、协同基本农田—生态—城镇空间布局,实施圈内基本农田动态监测机制等系列措施,以提升保护效果。     

非稳定流巷道火灾试验系统的研制

介绍了巷道火灾试验系统的构成,测定燃烧区膨胀热阻时测点位置的确定方法,火灾时期烟气温度、壁温及岩体温度、烟流中CO2及O2体积分数、沿程压力和风速等的测试方法及测试仪表精度,系统抗干扰方法,数据采集和处理软件的功能以及测试系统的调试方法.系统采用无补偿导线经济地解决了巷道燃烧区测温热电偶冷端温度补偿的方法,使测温系统误差由过去的10%左右下降到3%.     

Exploratory visualization software for reporting environmental survey results

Environmental surveys yield three principal products: maps, a set of data tables, and a textual report. The relationships between these three elements, however, are often cumbersome to present, making full use of all the information in an integrated and systematic sense difficult. The published paper report is only a partial solution. Modern developments in computing, particularly in cartography, GIS, and hypertext, mean that it is increasingly possible to conceive of an easier and more interactive approach to the presentation of such survey results. Here, we present such an approach which links map and tabular datasets arising from a vegetation survey, allowing users ready access to a complex dataset using dynamic mapping techniques. Multimedia datasets equipped with software like this provide an exciting means of quick and easy visual data exploration and comparison. These techniques are gaining popularity across the sciences as scientists and decision-makers are presented with increasing amounts of diverse digital data. We believe that the software environment actively encourages users to make complex interrogations of the survey information, providing a new vehicle for the reader of an environmental survey report.     

某公路隧道病害成因分析与治理研究

通过对某公路隧道病害的现场调查,在对其主要病害进行分类的基础上,充分考虑隧道勘察、设计和施工因素,结合隧道应力分布和受载情况,分析了隧道病害的现状,根据裂缝的走向可将其分为纵向裂缝、斜向裂缝和环向裂缝。笔者认为,该病害产生原因主要是施工、设计及地质因素;提出的隧道病害整治措施是在充分了解隧道地质条件的情况下,应严把施工质量关。研究得到的隧道病害原因和治理预防措施,对相似病害的防治具有借鉴作用。