Toxicity of metalaxyl,azoxystrobin, dimethomorph,cymoxanil, zoxamide and mancozeb to Phytophthora infestans isolates from Serbia

A study of the in vitro sensitivity of 12 isolates of Phytophthora infestans to metalaxyl, azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, cymoxanil, zoxamide and mancozeb, was conducted. The isolates derived from infected potato leaves collected at eight different localities in Serbia during 2005–2007. The widest range of EC₅₀ values for mycelial growth of the isolates was recorded for metalaxyl. They varied from 0.3 to 3.9 μg mL^?1 and were higher than those expected in a susceptible population of P. infestans. The EC₅₀ values of the isolates were 0.16–0.30 μg mL^?1 for dimethomorph, 0.27–0.57 μg mL^?1 for cymoxanil, 0.0026–0.0049 μg mL^?1 for zoxamide and 2.9–5.0 μg mL^?1 for mancozeb. The results indicated that according to effective concentration (EC₅₀) the 12 isolates of P. infestans were sensitive to azoxystrobin (0.019–0.074 μg mL^?1), and intermediate resistant to metalaxyl, dimethomorph and cymoxanil. According to resistance factor, all P. infestans isolates were sensitive to dimethomorph, cymoxanil, mancozeb and zoxamide, 58.3% of isolates were sensitive to azoxystrobin and 50% to metalaxyl. Gout's scale indicated that 41.7% isolates were moderately sensitive to azoxystrobin and 50% to metalaxyl.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

基于MUASB处理马铃薯深加工废液的试验研究

试验研究了在改装UASB(MUASB)装置中培养好氧颗粒污泥及其处理生活污水和高浓度马铃薯深加工废液的效果。试验结果表明:可以在4 d内快速培养出好氧颗粒污泥。成熟的颗粒污泥平均直径达2 mm。当马铃薯深加工废液浓度ρ(COD)、ρ(NH 4+-N)、ρ(TP)平均分别为12 817.16,106.10,26.37 mg/L时,处理效果分别超过64%、63%和67%。利用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观测颗粒污泥,虽然球菌主要形成了一个相对凝结的区域,但是在颗粒污泥的边缘区域出现许多丝状菌。α多糖主要分布在颗粒的核心。在颗粒中还发现少量的β多糖和无生命的细胞。     

C_4植物甜高粱和玉米幼苗对Zn胁迫的响应差异

实验采用营养液培养法,设置2,50,100,500和1000μmol·L^-1浓度ZnSO4处理,比较C4植物甜高粱（Sorghum bicolor（L．）Moench．）和玉米（Zea mays．L）幼苗对Zn胁迫的响应差异。结果表明,甜高粱对重金属Zn胁迫的敏感性强于玉米,随着Zn处理浓度加大,前者幼苗苗高、根长、单株干物质量、叶绿素含量和根系活力的下降幅度及丙二醛含量的上升幅度皆大于后者,玉米对Zn胁迫的耐受性强于甜高粱。在处理浓度达到500μmol·L^-1之前,甜高粱和玉米体内吸收的Zn随处理浓度加大显著递增,达500μmol·L^-1之后,玉米根系积累的Zn不再明显增加。在处理浓度达到和高于100μmol·L^-1时,甜高粱由根系向地上部转运的Zn显著高于玉米。甜高粱和玉米对zn胁迫的敏感性差异可能缘于它们的吸收和转运差异。     

保护性耕作对土壤养分及有机碳库的影响

以稻草覆盖免耕方式稻田冬种马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)为例,研究了保护性耕作对土壤养分以及有机碳库的影响.结果表明:保护性耕作能显著增加表层土层的养分含量,土壤氮素含量比传统耕作增加0.81%～7.24%,磷素含量增加14.95%～19.21%,钾素含量增加0.57%～15.40%,且全氮、全磷、全钾含量与传统耕作之间均达到了极显著差异水平,除碱解氮含量与传统耕作之间差异不显著外,速效磷与速效钾含量与传统耕作之间达到了显著差异水平与极显著差异水平;保护性耕作能增加土壤总有机碳与活性有机碳含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,0～10 cm土层土壤的碳库管理指数分别比传统耕作高出9.10%、13.95%,10～20 cm土层则比传统耕作略低.因此保护性耕作能使土壤朝着有利于土壤质量提高的方向发展.两个保护性耕作处理:免耕稻草覆盖(8 cm)、免耕覆盖稻草(8 cm)后盖黑色地膜之间差异不大.     

贵州六盘水地区马铃薯种植区域地球化学特征

应用环境地质、农业地质理论,对贵州省六盘水地区马铃薯种植区带开展地球化学调查研究,通过对调查区域的岩石、原生土、耕作土和马铃薯的采样、检测和统计分析,结果表明:岩石和原生土、原生土和耕作土、耕作土和马铃薯三者之间的各种元素含量丰缺具有相关关系,由此提出石炭系分布的新营、把士寨、粮蕨坝等区域适合马铃薯规模化种植;水城玉舍、水城大房子、盘县洒基、盘县上纸厂玄武岩分布区适合马铃薯规模化种植;二叠系碎屑岩分布区煤冲等地适合马铃薯规模化种植;盘县平关彭家屯侏罗系紫红色泥岩分布区也适合马铃薯规模化种植。水城小田坝、水城海坪和甘塘等二叠系茅口灰岩分布区域不适合马铃薯规模种植。     

我国半干旱区滴灌水肥一体化马铃薯田土壤NH3挥发特征和强度及影响因素

氨(NH₃)挥发是农业生态系统氮肥损失的重要途经,然而,北方干旱半干旱地区水肥耦合马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发规律缺少数据支撑.该研究利用通气法田间原位观测我国西北滴灌水肥一体化和传统沟灌施肥马铃薯田水肥耦合土壤NH₃挥发特征,设置滴灌施肥500 kg·hm^-2(DDF)、滴灌施肥1000 kg·hm^-2(DGF)、滴灌不施肥(DCK)、沟灌施肥500 kg·hm^-2(FDF)、沟灌施肥1000 kg·hm^-2(FGF)、沟灌不施肥(FCK)6个处理.结果表明,NH₃挥发速率峰值出现在施用氮肥后1—2周,不同水肥处理土壤NH₃挥发存在显著差异(P<0.01).2018年DDF、DGF、DCK、FDF、FGF、FCK土壤NH₃累积挥发量分别为21.50、28.14、7.20、37.06、66.25、11.88 kg·hm^-2;2019年,分别为9.42、15.25、7.24、34.73、76.81、8.56 kg·hm^-2.2018年和2019年,沟灌FDF处理的NH₃挥发损失率分别是滴灌DDF处理的1.76倍和11.89倍;沟灌FGF处理分别是滴灌DGF的2.60倍和8.54倍.滴灌DGF处理NH₃挥发强度比滴灌DDF处理分别增加27.03%和52.94%,沟灌FGF处理比沟灌FDF处理分别增加76.04%和118.37%.随施肥量增加,传统沟灌马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发损失率和NH₃挥发强度的增量高于滴灌水肥一体化模式.NH₃挥发速率与土壤体积含水量、NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N呈极显著相关(P<0.01).和传统沟灌比较,滴灌水肥一体化技术降低马铃薯田土壤NH₃挥发损失率,减轻NH₃挥发强度,提高马铃薯水肥利用率,减轻环境污染.     

高产铁载体菌Burkholderia vietnamiensis YQ9促生特性研究及其对重金属胁迫条件下种子萌发的影响

本研究以Burkholderia vietnamiensis YQ9为供试菌株,明确其产铁载体能力,研究其产吲哚乙酸（Indole acetic acid,IAA）、溶磷解钾和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate,ACC）脱氨酶活性等促生特性.发现B.vietnamiensis YQ9铁载体活性单位（Siderophore unit,SU）高达96.6%,兼具分泌IAA、溶磷,以及产ACC脱氨酶能力.YQ9的IAA产量为6.93 mg·L^-1;在含有磷酸三钙的培养基中培养后,其上清液中的可溶性磷含量为104.06 mg·L^-1;ACC脱氨酶活性为8.71μmol·h^-1·mg^-1.此外,在含不溶性重金属的培养基中接种YQ9,上清液中Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺含量显著提升,与对照相比分别增加了69.89%、83.80%和51.59%.通过研究重金属胁迫下不同处理对黑麦草和甜高粱种...     

Sexual contact influences orientation to plant attractant in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Chemical signals emitted by insects and their hosts are important for sexual communication and host selection. Plant volatiles facilitate the location of suitable hosts for feeding and oviposition, and may moderate responses to sex and aggregation pheromones. While mating has been shown to moderate behavioral responses to pheromones in a number of insects, little is known about the effects of mating on behavioral responses of insects to plant attractants, and even less is known about the mechanisms involved. In this study, mating was shown to decrease behavioral responses of the Colorado potato beetle to a host kairomone within 24 h, and attraction to the kairomone recovers only after 72 h. This decrease in responsiveness also occurs when only contact with the opposite sex is allowed; the effect is not observed with contact among individuals of the same sex. Peripheral olfactory responses to a component of the kairomone correlate with the observed behavioral responses and suggest involvement of antennal receptors in the behavioral change.     

Bioavailability to rats of 14C‐lindane residues in stored potato tubers

Abstract

Potato tubers were applied with radiolabelled lindane (U‐¹⁴C γ‐ 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexachlorocyclohexane) at three dose levels 30, 150, and 300 ppm and stored for 30, 60 and 90 days at room temperature. The data revealed that lindane penetrated into the pulp tissues through the epidermal layer. The amounts recovered in the peel were found to increase with a greater storage period up to 60 days followed by a drop at 90 days. On the other hand, there was a slight increase in radioactivity in the pulp tissue from 30 to 60 days followed by significant increase after 90 days. The incorporation of the compound in the tubers was dose independent. Methanol extraction showed binding of about 8.1% and 5.8% ofthe applied dose in peel and pulp tissues, respectively. The insecticide was found to be bioavailable when rats health hazard. It is therefore, desirable to demonstrate that the quantity of the terminal residues may be safe for the consumer. In the present investigation an attempt was made to determine the fate and bioavailability of lindane when applied to stored potato tubers.