波流式生态滤床氨氮去除效果及其微生物群落结构分析

利用波流式生态滤床处理受污染的河水,考察了其对氨氮的去除效果和沿程污染物转化情况,并采用扫描电镜、高通量测序手段解析了波流式生态滤床不同时间和位置基质上生物膜的细菌群落组成,分析了波流式生态滤床小试反应器中硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的分布特点,以探讨其去除氨氮的机理.结果表明,反应器稳定运行以后,对氨氮平均去除率为74.83%,基质表面可以观察到大量微生物,不同时期优势细菌有较大不同.反应器前部主要发挥硝化作用,中部发挥反硝化作用,硝化菌的分布呈现上多下少、前多后少的特点,使得氨氮在前端被快速去除;中部以黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)为代表的反硝化菌丰度较高,促进了反硝化作用的发挥,降低了出水中总氮浓度;不同部位样品中细菌多样性差别不大,微生物种群多样性随着水流方向呈现先增加,到后段减少的趋势.     

基于模糊数学理论的尾矿库环境质量综合评价

尾矿库的环境对其周边地区的环境有着重大的影响.建立了尾矿库的环境质量模糊综合评价指标体系,通过专家打分法确定了某尾矿库各层评价指标的权重以及第3层次的模糊关系综合矩阵,并对此尾矿库的环境质量进行了模糊综合评价.最后得出结论:该尾矿库的环境质量综合评价等级为"中".     

NH3-N在大连湾的水环境行为模拟研究

应用三维水质模型对大连湾中的主要污染物NH3-N的行为进行了模拟,对NH3-N浓度的时空变化规律以及其影响因素进行了研究,选择主要的模型参数进行了灵敏度分析。由空间分布的模拟结果可知,在大连湾,NH3-N浓度主要集中在排污口附近区域,灵敏度分析显示,在排污口区水体的扩散能力对NH3-N浓度的影响较大。由季节变化模拟结果可知,在湾顶部的排污口区NH3-N浓度显示明显的季节变化趋势。在湾中部和朝海边界的湾口区NH3-N浓度较低,变化平缓。模拟结果可以为大连湾的污染控制、水质规划和管理提供科学依据。     

Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Febros River (Northwest Portugal): Temporal Variation, Correlation with Water Parameters, and Species Identification

Febros river water was sampled weekly, during 35 successive weeks, and analyzed for microbiological (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and enterococci) and chemical-physical (ammonia and temperature) parameters. All microbiological parameters were highly correlated with each other and with ammonia, suggesting that the simultaneous determination of all variables currently in use in the evaluation of the microbiological quality of waters is probably redundant, and could be simplified, and that ammonia should be tested as a sentinel parameter of the microbiological pollution load of Febros river. From the strains isolated from positive tubes of the faecal coliforms test (multiple tube fermentation technique) and retested in this assay, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae strains were positive, indicating that the faecal coliforms test is not totally specific for Escherichia coli, and can detect other bacteria. Considering that these Klebsiella spp. are not necessarily of faecal origin, it was concluded that the faecal coliforms test can overestimate true faecal pollution. From the strains isolated from positive tubes of the faecal coliforms procedure, only Escherichia coli strains were clearly positive in the β-D-glucuronidase test. All other species were negative or very weakly positive, suggesting that the assay of the β-D-glucuronidase activity is less prone to false positives than the faecal coliforms test in the quantification of Escherichia coli in environmental waters.     

水质氨氮在线监测仪对污染源低浓度样品测定的研究

水质氨氮在线监测仪广泛用于各类水体中氨氮的在线监测,随着我国水质氨氮减排工作的开展,污染源废水中氨氮浓度逐渐降低,目前市场上的水质氨氮在线监测仪是否适用于低浓度氨氮样品的在线监测成为广大环保工作者关心的问题。选取3种不同类型的水质氨氮在线监测仪分别进行低浓度标样和实际水样测试,并对结果进行了讨论。     

水杨酸法检测水质氨氮的改进方法

该氨氮检测方法是对水杨酸分光光度法的改进,通过将50 g/L的水杨酸改为150 g/L的水杨酸钠,将有效氯为3. 5 g/L的次氯酸钠溶液改为5 g/L的二氯异氰尿酸钠溶液,增加了检测试剂的稳定性和贮存时间,同时将氨氮测定上限从1 mg/L提高至2. 5 mg/L,并将显色时间从60 min优化为30 min,使得此方法更为便捷。该方法的氨氮标准曲线线性关系良好,相关系数为0. 999 6,准确性和精密度高,加标回收率良好,适用于不同类型水质中氨氮的检测。     

新型单级A/O程序无回流复合膜生物反应器处理氨氮废水的试验

采用单级A/O程序复合膜生物反应器(HSMBR)处理高氨氮废水,研究在低DO浓度下系统对有机物、氨氮和总氮的去除效率。研究结果表明:在低DO浓度下,CODCr、氨氮的平均去除率分别为94.4%和92.8%。由于进水CODCr/TN值仅为2.01,则使得总氮平均去除率仅为69.4%,但是当系统亚硝化累积率从60.5%～67.1%提高到83.5%～86.4%时,系统总氮去除率提高了17.7%。另外,维持低DO浓度可以实现亚硝酸型同时硝化反硝化反应。     

Improvement of the antifouling characteristics in a bioreactor of polypropylene microporous membrane by the adsorption of Tween 20

Surface modification by physical adsorption of Tween 20 was accomplished on polypropylene microporous membranes (PPMMs). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the chemical and morphological changes on the membrane surfaces. Water contact angles and relative pure water fluxes were measured. The data showed that the hydrophilic performance for the modified membranes increased with the increase in the adsorption amount of Tween 20 onto the surface or into the pores of polypropylene microporous membranes. To test the antifouling property of the membranes by the adsorption of Tween 20 in a membrane bioreactor (MBR), filtration for active sludge was performed using synthetic wastewater. With the help of the data of water fluxes and the FE-SEM photos of the modified PPMMs before or after operating in a MBR for about 12 d, the PPMMs with monolayer adsorption of Tween 20 showed higher remained flux and stronger antifouling ability than unmodified membrane and other modification membranes studied.     

沸石联合微生物固定化去除微污染水体中氨氮的研究

将沸石联合经过驯化的活性污泥微生物固定化,通过静态实验.考察了不同粒径沸石及不同组分固定化方法对沸石联合微生物固定化去除氨氮的影响;通过动态实验,考察了沸石联合微生物固定化去除微污染水体中低浓度氨氮的机制.结果表明,活性污泥经过16 d的驯化,氨氮去除率为90%以上;沸石吸附氨氮为快速吸附,粒径<0.5 mm的沸石的吸附容量明显大于其他粒径的沸石;不同组分固定化小球对氨氮的去除效率不同,各组分均有贡献,吸附容量依次为:沸石固定化小球>沸石联合微生物固定化小球>微生物固定化小球;沸石联合微生物固定化去除微污染水体中低浓度氨氮可分为4个阶段,即沸石吸附阶段、吸附饱和及微生物适应阶段、硝化作用明显加强和沸石部分再生阶段、微生物作用良好和沸石进一步再生阶段,最终沸石吸附与生物再生处于良好的动态平衡中,氨氮去除率达到60%左右.     

氨水土壤混合物脱除CO2温室气体的实验研究

为了脱除CO2温室气体,提出了利用氨水土壤混合物去除CO2的新方法。分别考察了土壤颗粒粒径、CO2初始流量、氨水浓度（质量比）和温度对CO2脱除量和脱除率的影响。实验结果表明,该方法去除CO2的量较土壤物理吸附量和氨水化学吸收量的总和提高了大约15%;随着氨水浓度的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都增大;随着土壤颗粒粒径和CO2初始流量的增大,CO2的脱除率和脱除量都减小;当温度由22℃升高到31℃,CO2的脱除率随着温度的升高而增大,但是继续升高温度到40℃,CO2的脱除率反而下降。