模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法,对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点,确定了8个指标作为评价因子,建立了评价因素矩阵,计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上,提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别,证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。     

银川活动断层卫星遥感图像解译

采用对地表具有一定穿透能力的合成孔径雷达数据（ENVISAT ASAR）和光谱信息丰富的常规光学遥感数据（Landsat-7 ETM）作为主要数据源,综合了雷达遥感与光学遥感的成像优势,利用图像预处理、图像增强处理与多源遥感信息融合突出了银川研究区的活动断裂遥感影像特征。根据活动断层遥感解译标志,共解译出8条主要活动断层,分别为银川-平罗断裂、芦花台断裂、镇北堡断裂、黄河-灵武断裂、贺兰山东麓断裂带、黎家新庄-南泉子断裂、三关口断裂与青铜峡断裂,并对其影像特征与空间分布规律进行详细分析。银川活动断裂的解译分析为该地区的地震安全性评价与地震活动性分析奠定了基础。     

基于熵权的隧道塌方风险非线性模糊评判方法

隧道塌方风险分析是隧道设计和安全施工的重要环节。首先选取隧道塌方风险评价指标并建立评价指标风险分级标准,在深入分析新奥法隧道施工风险影响因素的基础上,根据隧道塌方风险影响因素具有模糊不确定性和层次性的特点建立隧道塌方风险的模糊综合评判模型。其次,通过研究各因素评价指标取值方法及隶属度函数选取原则,建立评价指标隶属度确定方法。然后针对不同专家工程经验及认知的不同,引入群组决策的思想,基于信息熵理论建立评价指标的权重计算方法。考虑到影响因素对隧道塌方风险影响具有非线性特征,引入非线性模糊运算方法,从而最终建立基于熵权的隧道塌方风险非线性模糊评判方法。最后通过工程实例分析表明了方法的可行性与合理性。     

改性人造沸石处理含黄玉铬洁(Ⅵ张焕)祯地下水的实验研究

为了提高人造沸石对地下水中铬(Ⅵ)的去除能力,采用氯化铝对人造沸石进行改性。确定最佳改性条件:20%氯化铝溶液,液固比12 mL/g,室温下以180 r/min振荡改性8 h;最佳除Cr(Ⅵ)条件:pH值为4～8,液固比为33.3 mL/g,室温下水浴恒温振荡2 h。改性沸石对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附符合Langmuir及Freundlich等温线方程,由Langmuir吸附等温线可得其吸附容量为5.624 mg/g。在最佳反应条件下,水样中铬(Ⅵ)浓度可由5 mg/L下降到0.026 mg/L,低于0.05 mg/L,满足GB/T 14848—93《地下水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准。     

混凝-生物接触氧化处理合成橡胶碱洗废水

对化学合成橡胶碱洗废水进行了有机组分和可生化性分析,废水主要含有氯甲烷、六甲苯、异丁醇、甲醇等污染物质,生化降解实验中废水TOC可在6d内从60．9mg／L下降至0．0mg／L,可生化降解性好,适于生化处理。选择混凝．生物接触氧化组合工艺对废水进行处理,采用优化条件（pH=8、PAC=40mg／L、PAM=8mg／L）进行混凝,碱洗废水COD去除率为9．95％～72．94％（平均31．51％）;混凝后的碱洗废水与冲洗废水1：5混合进行接触氧化处理,在HRT为36h的情况下,COD去除率为65．6％-72．6％（平均70．4％）,出水COD为134～331mg／L,满足企业废水排放市政管网的要求;同时,实验发现COD去除率与COD容积负荷存在指数函数变化关系。     

Water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element method

For natural water, method of water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is presented. Two important parts are improved, the weights determining and fuzzy membership functions. The coefficient of variation of each indicator is used to determine the weight instead of traditional calculating superscales method. On the other hand, fuzzy matter-elements are constructed, and normal membership degrees are used instead of traditional trapezoidal ones. The composite fuzzy matter-elements with associated coefficient are constructed through associated transformation. The levels of natural water quality are determined according to the principle of maximum correlation. The improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is applied to evaluate water quality of the Luokou mainstream estuary at the first ten weeks in 2011 with the coefficient of variation method determining the weights. Water quality of Luokou mainstream estuary is dropping from level I to level II. The results of the improved evaluation method are basically the same as the official water quality. The variation coefficient method can reduce the workload, and overcome the adverse effects from abnormal values, compared with the traditional calculating superscales method. The results of improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method are more credible than the ones of the traditional evaluation method. The improved evaluation method can use information of monitoring data more scientifically and comprehensively, and broaden a new evaluation method for water quality assessment.     

Improvement of the antifouling characteristics in a bioreactor of polypropylene microporous membrane by the adsorption of Tween 20

Surface modification by physical adsorption of Tween 20 was accomplished on polypropylene microporous membranes (PPMMs). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the chemical and morphological changes on the membrane surfaces. Water contact angles and relative pure water fluxes were measured. The data showed that the hydrophilic performance for the modified membranes increased with the increase in the adsorption amount of Tween 20 onto the surface or into the pores of polypropylene microporous membranes. To test the antifouling property of the membranes by the adsorption of Tween 20 in a membrane bioreactor (MBR), filtration for active sludge was performed using synthetic wastewater. With the help of the data of water fluxes and the FE-SEM photos of the modified PPMMs before or after operating in a MBR for about 12 d, the PPMMs with monolayer adsorption of Tween 20 showed higher remained flux and stronger antifouling ability than unmodified membrane and other modification membranes studied.     

基于网格空间数据的晋陕蒙接壤区生态环境综合评价

晋陕蒙接壤区是典型的生态过渡带、生态脆弱带。文章在调查研究的基础上 ,选取了 1 3个评价指标 ,应用层次分析法确定其权重 ,并将各个因子分级标准化和定量赋值 ,再用加权求和法得到每个评价单元的环境质量综合评价指数。根据环境综合评价指数将环境质量分为较好 (≥ 8)、一般 (≥ 6～ <8)、较差 (≥ 4～ <6)、恶劣 (<4) 4级。结果表明 :晋陕蒙接壤区的环境质量大多处于较差等级 ,较好、一般、较差、恶劣等级的面积比例分别为 2 .2 % ,2 8% ,5 7.4%和1 2 .4%     

浅析绿色制造的战略环境评价

绿色制造的战略环境评价是实现可持续发展的关键技术 ,是协调环境与社会经济发展的重要手段。它要求在绿色制造初期———绿色设计阶段就考虑整个制造过程的环境影响 ,从决策源头上控制环境污染的产生和生态环境的破坏。本文从绿色制造的广义内涵入手 ,分析了绿色制造战略环境评价的理论基础和综合集成特性 ,并提出了战略环境评价的指标体系和综合集成评价方法。     

应用模糊数学评价南充市大气环境质量

运用模糊数学方法，选用SO2、PM10、NO2、作为评价因子，参照大气环境质量标准，通过计算污染因子权重分配系数和隶属度对南充市各个城区，以及南充市总体大气环境质量给出客观的评价，结果为：南充市各个城区以及南充市总体大气环境质量均在安全级水平（三级），均未达到国家二级标准。并对模糊数学评价方法和大气污染防治措施进行讨论．认为模糊数学评价方法更为客观准确，提出了大气污染的区域性、整体性的特点以及大气污染防治的综合治理方法。