深孔预裂爆破对含坚硬顶板高瓦斯煤层的综合作用研究

为研究深孔预裂爆破技术在含坚硬顶板高瓦斯煤层开采中的应用,以顾桥矿1123(1)工作面坚硬顶板为研究对象,基于小挠度理论建立了坚硬顶板垮落力学模型,导出了初次来压步距计算式;综合考虑瓦斯抽采需要,对深孔预裂爆破孔进行了优化设计,并在工作面顶板中开展了现场试验研究。结果表明:在工作面推进至27.3m时出现垮落,爆破后钻孔瓦斯流量显著增加,部分提高至30倍以上,瓦斯抽采量提高了3.5倍,初采期间安全回采煤炭25万吨,实现了坚硬顶板控制和卸压增透双重作用。     

Numerical simulation of small-scale pool fires of LNG

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has been largely indicated as a promising alternative solution for the transportation and storage of natural gas. In the case of accidental release on the ground, a pool fire scenario may occur. Despite the relevance of this accident, due to its likelihood and potential to trigger domino effects, accurate analyses addressing the characterization of pool fires of LNG are still missing.In this work, the fire dynamic simulator (FDS) has been adopted for the evaluation of the effects of the released amount of fuel and its composition (methane, ethane, and propane), on the thermal and chemical properties of small-scale LNG pool fire. More specifically, the heat release rate, the burning rate, the flame height, and thermal radiation, at different initial conditions, have been evaluated for pool having diameter smaller than 10 m. Safety distances have been calculated for all the investigated conditions, as well.Results have also been compared with data and correlations retrieved from the current literature. The equation of Thomas seems to work properly for the definition of the height over diameter ratio of the LNG pool fire for all the mixture and the investigated diameters.The addition of ethane and propane significantly affects the obtained results, especially in terms of radiative thermal radiation peaks, thus indicating the inadequacy of the commonly adopted assumption of pure methane as single, surrogate species for the LNG mixture.     

Emerging conservation challenges and prospects in an era of offshore hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation

Globally, extensive marine areas important for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning are undergoing exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas resources. Such operations are expanding to previously inaccessible deep waters and other frontier regions, while conservation‐related legislation and planning is often lacking. Conservation challenges arising from offshore hydrocarbon development are wide‐ranging. These challenges include threats to ecosystems and marine species from oil spills, negative impacts on native biodiversity from invasive species colonizing drilling infrastructure, and increased political conflicts that can delay conservation actions. With mounting offshore operations, conservationists need to urgently consider some possible opportunities that could be leveraged for conservation. Leveraging options, as part of multi‐billion dollar marine hydrocarbon operations, include the use of facilities and costly equipment of the deep and ultra‐deep hydrocarbon industry for deep‐sea conservation research and monitoring and establishing new conservation research, practice, and monitoring funds and environmental offsetting schemes. The conservation community, including conservation scientists, should become more involved in the earliest planning and exploration phases and remain involved throughout the operations so as to influence decision making and promote continuous monitoring of biodiversity and ecosystems. A prompt response by conservation professionals to offshore oil and gas developments can mitigate impacts of future decisions and actions of the industry and governments. New environmental decision support tools can be used to explicitly incorporate the impacts of hydrocarbon operations on biodiversity into marine spatial and conservation plans and thus allow for optimum trade‐offs among multiple objectives, costs, and risks.     

瓦斯压力对卸荷原煤力学特性及能量特征的影响

运用自主研制的含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流试验装置,以原煤煤样作为研究对象,进行了含瓦斯煤固定轴向压力、卸围压的渗流试验,研究了卸围压过程中瓦斯压力对煤样力学特性和能量特征的影响。结果表明:在轴压加载阶段,煤样的变形模量基本不变,泊松比逐渐减小;在定轴压卸围压阶段,煤样的变形模量先小幅度增加,然后逐渐减小,泊松比则逐渐增大。瓦斯压力越高,煤样的承载能力越低,煤样发生破坏时相应的轴向应变和围压卸荷量百分比越小,而煤样破坏时的径向变形和扩容量越大。各应变围压柔量Δεi与瓦斯压力呈线性关系且线性相关性良好。随瓦斯压力升高,轴向应变的围压敏感性降低,径向应变和体积应变的围压敏感性显著升高。随瓦斯压力升高,煤样发生破坏时存储的弹性应变能Ue减小,而总能量U、耗散能Ud和耗散能比例Ud/U都增大。     

PVC电缆火灾早期特征气体的组成分析和传感器探测

利用气体传感器对电缆绝缘过热释放的气体进行监测有望实现电气火灾早期预警,目前该技术的发展由于特征气体未得到确认而受到限制。分析了聚氯乙烯(PVC)电缆绝缘层在不同温度下释放的气体组成,并对其主要成分进行传感器测试。TG-IR和GC-MS分析表明PVC电缆绝缘层在200℃前已出现微小失重,释放出以邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)等塑化剂为主的气体。气敏测试中,商用半导体气体传感器对DOP和电缆蒸气产生较好、相似的响应性能。因此,DOP可以作为PVC电缆火灾早期的特征气体。     

油气长输管道作业分级定量风险评价方法研究及应用

为客观掌握油气管道生产运营岗位主要作业风险,实现油气长输管道企业作业风险管理,提出一种作业分级定量风险评价方法。首先,辨识油气管道系统主要危险作业类型和引起作业事故的危险有害因素;然后由作业分级法确定事故发生的可能性与严重性;最后建立基于作业分级的风险矩阵,得到各作业活动的风险级别。将该方法应用于某管道公司,以该公司生产区内部高处作业为例,对作业过程中的危险有害因素进行识别与评价,得出高处作业过程中各步骤的风险程度。结果表明该评价方法具有一定的可操作性,可反映各类危险作业过程中的风险程度,为后期有针对性的风险控制提供指导,有助于公司的风险管理。     

基于CFD-DEM的旋风除尘器内气固流动特性研究

为了研究旋风除尘器内气固流动特性,采用CFD-DEM耦合算法研究不同入口气体速度下旋风除尘器内颗粒流态、静压、径向速度及轴向速度分布特征。结果表明:煤屑颗粒在离心力和径向曳力的作用下以螺旋颗粒条带靠近除尘器的壁面稳定向下移动,随着入口风速的增加煤屑颗粒条带变宽,条带与除尘器的第1次接触的拐点上移,螺距减小;除尘器内部压力轴向变化较小,径向变化较大,随着入口气体速度增加,除尘器壁面附近高压区范围和压力也随之增加,除尘器上方和下方的负压区变宽并朝轴向方向延伸;随入口气体速度增加,除尘器内径向速度和轴向速度逐渐增加,煤屑颗粒在除尘器中部聚集较多,煤屑停留时间变长,入口气体速度为15 m/s时,煤屑颗粒在除尘器内停留时间最长。     

矿井瓦斯控爆技术及材料研究进展

瓦斯爆炸灾害防治一直是我国煤矿安全研究的热点、难点。通过对国内外相关文献总结分析,从瓦斯抑爆装置、抑爆介质及抑爆机理3个方面综述了目前国内外矿井瓦斯抑爆技术及抑爆材料的研究现状,提出了未来的发展方向。研究结果表明:瓦斯抑爆技术的有效性和可靠性主要取决于抑爆介质的物理化学性质、控爆空间几何参数、爆炸特性参数和抑爆系统中爆炸探测方式等因素;结合瓦斯爆炸链式反应理论和探测技术的发展,研究应更多地关注抑爆过程的微观特性,揭示其详细的抑爆作用机理,为探寻新型高效、绿色抑爆材料提供更有力的理论支持。     

气固两相流90°弯管抗冲蚀结构优化

为了提高天然气输送管道90°弯管的耐磨性能,提出了1种三段弯曲式弯管,通过对弯管弯曲段进行三段式改进来减小弯管中二次流的大小,优化弯管内的流场,改善弯管的冲蚀磨损状况。利用COMSOL仿真软件建立三段式弯管模型,并以弯管弯曲段和出口段二次流平均值之和最小为优化目标,在约束条件下凭借COMSOL中的COBYLA优化算法得到了最优管形;用Fluent对优化后的三段式弯管进行冲蚀数值模拟并与一段式弯管的模拟结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明:与一段式90°弯管相比,优化后的三段式弯管流场更加平稳,其弯曲段的二次流强度大幅降低,弯管壁面的冲蚀磨损程度得到较大的改善。     

基于模糊Petri网的城市突发性燃气短缺应急能力评估

为了有效地降低在城市突发性燃气短缺应急能力评估过程中应急能力影响因素的不确定性和模糊性对评估结果的影响,提出基于模糊Petri网的城市突发性燃气短缺应急能力评估方法。通过分析城市突发性燃气短缺应急事前-事中-事后过程的影响因素,根据评估准则构建出1个包括5个二级指标和26个三级指标的应急能力评估指标体系;针对评估指标体系复杂且变迁的权重值缺乏客观性等问题,引入模糊推理算子与层次分析法,采取定性与定量相结合的方法对评估体系进行应急能力评估。实例仿真结果表明,与传统的评估方法相比,利用模糊Petri网对应急能力评估的结果更加准确和科学。