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161.
Mallory E. Flowers Daniel C. Matisoff Douglas S. Noonan 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2019,62(5):843-861
In a case study that examines the outcomes of a flexible information-based policy, we observe how organizations obtain Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification. We use a regression discontinuity analysis to identify practices used to upgrade certification tiers. This analysis reveals preferences for green certification strategies and, we argue, intimates the perceived motivations for green certification. We distinguish practices that potentially confer private gains through returns to efficiency and productivity investments, from practices that only provide public benefits. Data show that organizations strategically certify to avoid high-cost resource use, appeal to key stakeholders, and communicate building and organization quality. Builders upgrading to the highest tiers are more likely to deploy practices with private gains. Results suggest a willingness to extend short time horizons associated with energy-efficiency investments in exchange for marketing benefits. Our discussion notes the capacity for certifications to mitigate market barriers associated with the energy-efficiency gap. 相似文献
162.
Occupational exposure limits (OELs) developed by authorities play a key role in the implementation of programs to protect workers against hazardous chemicals. Unfortunately, many hazardous substances do not have OELs or the OEL could be outdated. To assure the health of the workers, it is therefore useful for companies to develop corporate OELs. An inhouse strategy will be presented hereafter. Expertise in toxicology, industrial hygiene, and occupational health should be available within the company and clear selection criteria for substances are needed. A corporate OEL is only developed for hazardous substances (e.g., carcinogenic or reprotoxic) with a high potential for worker exposure when an appropriate national OEL or threshold limit value is not available. The methodology to calculate corporate OELs is based on the existing methods for national or community OELs and also on the guidance from the European Union's (EU) regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). For carcinogenic substances with a nonthreshold mode of action, there is always a residual chance that a cancer develops even when the exposure of workers is low. To establish an OEL for these substances, the “German traffic light model” is recommended. It is pragmatic, defines an unacceptable, tolerable, and acceptable risk level when workers are exposed to these substances, and determines risk management for exposure reduction. Overall, the professional practice to develop OELs is a good example of corporate leadership to proactively protect the health of workers. 相似文献
163.
164.
中国城市空气质量分级管理策略探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文在充分剖析我国现阶段城市环境空气质量及相关管理工作存在的主要问题的基础上,探讨了以改善城市空气质量兼顾城市群效应控制为重点的城市空气质量分级管理策略。研究提出,为适应新的污染特征和形势,国家应针对不同地区、不同污染来源特征、不同污染程度的各类城市实行分类指导和分级管理的思路。 相似文献
165.
我国工业废水污染防治的战略、对策与费用效益分析 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
扼要阐述了当前我国工业废水排放和污染现状,提出了从本世纪末到2020年的控制目标和任务,及为达此目标而采取的战略与对策,措施,燕进行了初步的费用效益分析,文章突出强调,我国工业废水的排放量与污染负荷遵循从正增长率-零增长率-负增长率的发展模式;实施以清洁生产为主要内容的生产全过程控制的重要措施以及加强集中处理的规划方案。 相似文献
166.
Akiko Matsumoto-Oda 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,46(4):258-266
For female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, the most common mating pattern is opportunistic. In such opportunistic
matings, females copulated promiscuously but not randomly. This study describes female mate choice during 1-year observation
of six females who exhibited regular genital-swelling cycles. During the study period, 169 opportunistic matings and four
restrictive matings were recorded over the course of 51 days. As female estrus progressed, mating frequency and the number
of adult male mating partners increased, although the number of potential mating partners did not change. Criteria of female
choice examined were the direction and consent/rejection of courtship, proximity maintenance, and female grooming. Adult-male
courtships were successful more often than those of adolescent males. During the earlier phase of estrus, females copulated
rather promiscuously with many males. But during the later phase of estrus when the likelihood of conception is expected to
be highest, they copulated repeatedly with high-ranking adult males. There was a positive correlation between female grooming
frequency and mating frequency when the likelihood of conception was greatest. Female chimpanzees are thought to choose high-ranking
males as fathers of their offspring. Moreover, female chimpanzees may adopt one or both of two mating strategies, i.e., a
many-male strategy and a best-male strategy.
Received: 23 November 1998 / Received in revised form: 12 April 1999 / Accepted: 26 April 1999 相似文献
167.
168.
大连市近三十年大气环境变化及可持续发展对策 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
介绍了近三十年来大连市在经济快速发展 ,能源不断增加的情况下 ,空气质量得到明显改善 ,同时针对目前仍然存在的由能源结构不合理、机动车尾气、工业废气及二次扬尘等污染问题提出了发展循环经济、进行结构和布局调整、推进清洁生产、深化环境综合整治及加强立法执法和全民参与等可持续发展对策 相似文献
169.
上海城市污水厂污泥处理与利用系统分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
上海市城市污水处理规划的实施,将在2020年前使该市的城市污水厂污泥产生量从现状的85tDS/d增长至1300-1500tDS/d,将形成可观的污泥消纳压力。预期了该市的污水污泥产生状况,以现有污水污泥处置与利用技术为基础,测算了可行的污泥处置与利用方向及相应的容量,以及满足容量利用的前处理要求。以此为基础,推荐了适宜的容量利用方案,并建议以生物稳定化干化处理为污泥处置与利用前的改性处理步骤,且可在适当的条件下增加厌氧消化环节,提高处理体系的水平与容量宽余度。此污泥处理与利用体系可达到污泥消纳运行的柔性化和可靠性,兼具环境安全性与经济合理性。 相似文献
170.
在分析北京市道路交通安全形势以及事故特点的基础上,运用交通冲突理论分析道路交通事故发生的机理,论述道路交通事故发生的过程。并从安全系统工程学角度,使用交通事故显性/隐性致因模型对道路交通事故的致因因素进行分析,强调管理因素的重要性。最后,结合北京市道路交通现状,综合运用3E对策,讨论了改善道路交通安全的控制策略。通过加大违章行为惩罚力度、培养安全文化、建立道路交通事故应急救援体系以及应用智能交通技术等措施,消除道路交通系统中人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态,提高北京市道路交通安全水平。 相似文献