Mapping of temperature and line-of-sight errors in constituent retrievals for MIPAS/ENVISAT measurements

An optimized code for the near real-time retrieval of line of sight, temperature and volume-mixing ratio profiles of five key species (O₃, H₂O, HNO₃, CH₄ and N₂O) from infrared limb spectra recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) experiment on board the ENVISAT-1 satellite was developed as part of an ESA-supported study. In this code line of sight and temperature are retrieved simultaneously among themselves, but sequentially with respect to the volume-mixing ratio of the five key species. The sequential retrieval leaves unaccounted the mapping of line of sight and temperature errors in the retrieved volume-mixing ratio of the constituents. This paper illustrates an algorithm that provides the a-posteriori evaluation of temperature and line-of-sight-induced error on the retrieved volume-mixing ratio of the MIPAS key species. It is shown that in most cases temperature and line-of-sight-induced error provides a significant contribution to the total volume-mixing ratio error. The variability of this error as a function of latitude, season and atmospheric model is also analyzed.     

再生水补给河道入渗区地下水水质时空变异分析

运用聚类分析、判别分析和主成分/因子分析方法来研究潮白河流域再生水补水河段地下水水质的时空变异情况。对地下水进行剖面分析（剖面A为平行于水流场方向,剖面B垂直于水流场方向）。地下水研究结果表明除NO3-、NH4+和Mn2+外,其余指标均达到地表水Ⅱ类标准。剖面A的季节判别中由于淋溶作用筛选出pH和TDS,正确率为77.5%,说明研究区在近岸区。同时,剖面B的季节变异由于远离河岸的土壤蓄水层中氧化还原作用使得Fe3+、Mn2+、Na+、NO2-、CODMn和TP被判别出,正确率为74.4%。此外,由于非冻土期土壤蓄水层中频繁的淋溶作用和活跃的生化反应识别出CODMn、HCO3-、NO2-、pH、SO42-、Cl-、Na+和Ba2+表征了非冻土期剖面A的空间变异,而判别正确率为100%的F-、Na+和HCO3-则表征了冻土期剖面A的空间变异。冻土期剖面B的TDS和TP以及非冻土期剖面B的TN和K+的判别正确率均为100%。再生水对近岸带的影响较远岸带显著。该分析结论可归因于再生水的污染、土壤蓄水层矿物盐岩溶解污染、工农业废水排放的点源污染和降水及流域水土流失所造成的非点源污染的综合作用。     

A soil sampling intercomparison exercise for the ALMERA network

Soil sampling and analysis for radionuclides after an accidental or routine release is a key factor for the dose calculation to members of the public, and for the establishment of possible countermeasures. The IAEA organized for selected laboratories of the ALMERA (Analytical Laboratories for the Measurement of Environmental Radioactivity) network a Soil Sampling Intercomparison Exercise (IAEA/SIE/01) with the objective of comparing soil sampling procedures used by different laboratories. The ALMERA network is a world-wide network of analytical laboratories located in IAEA member states capable of providing reliable and timely analysis of environmental samples in the event of an accidental or intentional release of radioactivity. Ten ALMERA laboratories were selected to participate in the sampling exercise. The soil sampling intercomparison exercise took place in November 2005 in an agricultural area qualified as a “reference site”, aimed at assessing the uncertainties associated with soil sampling in agricultural, semi-natural, urban and contaminated environments and suitable for performing sampling intercomparison. In this paper, the laboratories sampling performance were evaluated.     

经济结构变动对环境污染物排放的影响分析

本文利用投入产出技术给出一类经济结构变动对环境污染物排放的影响分析模型,该方法着重分析了各产业部门的生产技术变动、最终需求变动及收入变动对环境污染物排放量的影响。     

农户采用节约耕地型与节约劳动型技术的差异

研究农户技术采用行为,对于解决农业技术转化与扩散问题具有重要意义.本文以6个省1672户农户的问卷调查结果为依据,从农户技术采用率和采用行为模型2个层面,研究农户采用节约耕地型技术与节约劳动型技术是否存在差异及影响农户技术采用行为的因素.农户技术采用率调查表明.有60%以上的农户采用了机耕技术,只有23.5%的农户采用了高产品种.采用行为模型的定量分析表明,具有不同家庭特征、外部环境特征的农户基于技术自身特征差异会表现出不同的技术采用行为.具体表现为,同一变量对农户采用不同属性技术的影响各不相同.本村地形、耕地面积、技术作用认知、出行频率对节约耕地型技术和节约劳动型技术采用都有较为显著的影晌;户主年龄、专业技能、家庭人均收入、参加技术培训、借款难易对一种技术的采用影响显著,对另一种技术的采用则影响不显著.     

饮用水氯消毒副产物控制技术研究进展

依据新颁布的《生活饮用水卫生标准》对饮用水氯消毒副产物控制技术进行了具体的论述,介绍了替代消毒剂、前体物去除和副产物去除等控制技术的应用效果和局限性,分析了安全高效的多级屏障组合消毒工艺在控制消毒副产物中的应用前景。     

城市供水中藻类去除技术的研究进展

日趋严重的水体富营养化已成为全球性的环境问题,藻类及其副产物给传统净水工艺带来了诸多不利影响,增加了水处理难度。本文对饮用水中藻类各种去除技术进行了具体的论述,并系统分析各技术去除效果、局限性,展望了藻类去除技术发展前景。指出目前控制饮用水中藻类污染必须将水源污染综合治理、强化预氧化工艺、优化常规工艺结合起来。     

反渗透膜生物污堵监测及其控制的研究进展

综述了RO膜面微生物群落结构及EPS的最新研究进展,并对RO膜生物污堵的监测技术和控制方法进行总结。膜面微生物中变形菌门（α-,β-和γ-变形菌纲）、拟杆菌门和浮霉菌门相对丰度较高,产生EPS较多的鞘氨醇单胞菌属、假单胞菌属在膜污堵中起到重要作用。EPS中多糖更易附着于膜面,EPS中大分子组分的RO膜污堵潜势更高,透明胞外聚合物（TEP）能促进生物污堵的形成。对进水中有机物参数和微生物参数的测定能反映进水RO膜污堵潜势,但并不能用于确定膜面污堵的实际情况。而对RO膜组件的动态监测能够及时反映膜污堵状态。进水预处理和膜清洗已被用于延缓RO膜生物污堵,而膜改性和生物处理等方法的开发为RO膜生物污堵的控制提供了新途径。根据研究现状,认为今后反渗透膜抗生物污堵的研究需要完善进水生物污堵潜势评价指标,加大对膜面污堵中优势菌群和污堵潜势大的EPS的控制研究,并对新型抗污染改性膜的工程实用性进行关注。