单级序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)多途径生物脱氮研究

利用传统微生物分析技术与PCR、变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）等分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对单级SBBR反应器中的主要生物脱氮途径进行分析.结果表明,亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化途径是主要的脱氮途径,通过该途径去除的NH⁺₄-N占总去除量的65%以上;另外2条途径则分别是亚硝化-反硝化途径以及全程硝化-反硝化途径.所有途径都采取同步和分步2种方式完成,同步方式以曝气阶段的氮素亏损形式予以表现.分步方式则依靠各种脱氮微生物在曝气阶段和厌氧阶段不同的活性程度完成,亚硝酸细菌是曝气阶段的主要活性菌种,完成NH⁺₄-N向NO^-₂-N的转化,而厌氧氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌则在厌氧阶段成为优势菌种,完成完整的生物脱氮过程.     

The limitations of environmental management systems in Australian agriculture

The efficacy of government-supported programs to encourage improved management of land and water systems associated with agricultural land in Australia has been mixed. The broad approach of Australian governments is reviewed briefly. Evidence is presented from case assessments of a program to promote adoption of environmental management systems (EMSs) to improve environmental outcomes from agricultural practices. EMSs are systems implemented to manage the environmental impacts and ameliorate environmental risk associated with business activity. Data are presented on reported EMS activity and experience of four selected groups of farmers in Victoria, south-eastern Australia, representing broad-acre cropping, beef and dairy farming. The pro-environmental behaviours of farmers were mediated through voluntary adoption of government and industry sponsored EMSs, often with financial incentives and other support. Findings from the study were that adoption of EMS practices with sufficient public benefits is unlikely to occur at sufficient scale for significant environmental impact. Farmers more readily adopted practices which were financially beneficial than those which had a positive environmental impact. Although the focus on voluntary market-based instrument (MBI) type programs is popular in western countries, enforcing regulation is an important, but usually politically unpopular, component of land use policy. The comparative advantage of EMSs differed for the industries studied, but overall there were insufficient market drivers for widespread EMS adoption in Australia. Environmental outcomes could be more effectively achieved by directly funding land management practices which have highest public net benefits. Having a clear and unambiguous management objective for a particular land management policy is more likely to achieve outcomes than having multiple objectives as occurs in a number of international programs currently.     

Self-organization theories and environmental management: The case of South Moresby,Canada

This article presents a new approach to the analysis and management of large-scale societal problems with complex ecological, economic, and social dimensions. The approach is based on the theory of self-organizing systems—complex, open, far-from-equilibrium systems with nonlinear dynamics. A brief overview and comparison of different self-organization theories (synergetics, self-organization theory, hypercycles, and autopoiesis) is presented in order to isolate the key characteristics of such systems.The approach is used to develop an analysis of the landuse controversy in the South Moresby area of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Critical variables are identified for each subsystem and classified by spatial and temporal scale, and discussed in terms of information content and internal/external origin. Eradication of sea otters, introduction of black-tailed deer, impacts of large-scale clearcut logging, sustainability of the coastal forest industry, and changing relations between native peoples and governments are discussed in detail to illustrate the system dynamics of the South Moresby sociobiophysical system. Finally, implications of the self-organizing sociobiophysical system view for regional analysis and management are identified.     

珠三角地区开展公众参与环境保护的现状和途径

介绍了当前珠江三角洲地区公众参与环境保护的现状，并提出珠江三角洲地区公众参与环境保护的必要性和参与途径。     

适应气候变化的分析框架及政策涵义

适应气候变化与发展议题密切相关,这也使得适应成为一个过于宽泛的命题,影响了对适应内涵的理解。首先,本文基于国内外对适应问题的探讨,提出了适应气候变化的基本分析框架,即基于不同发展阶段的适应需求,区分增量型适应和发展型适应,并通过工程性适应、技术性适应和制度性适应三种适应手段增强适应能力。增量型适应是指在系统现有基础上考虑新增风险所需的增量投入,这种适应所针对的是发展需求基本得到满足,仅仅需要应对新增的气候风险所需的适应活动;发展型适应是指由于发展水平滞后,使得系统应对常规风险的能力和投入不足,需要协同考虑发展需求及新增的气候风险。其次,分析了适应的四个基本步骤,即:①评估气候风险及脆弱性;②甄别各种可能的适应对策;③选择可行的适应措施;④推荐"成功"的适应行动。还介绍了相应的社会经济分析方法,如脆弱性评估、社会经济影响评估、适应的成本效益分析等。最后,基于中国适应气候变化的基本需求及优先领域,提出了相应的政策建议,如开发农业适应技术、加强流域综合治理、开展健康风险监测、实施灾害保险计划等。     

我国西北地区退耕地植被恢复基本途径与模式探讨

本文在试验研究，实地考察的基础上，基于中国西部退奈还林还草工程的实背景，现状及研究基础，通过对国外相关实中践进行分析，提出了西北地区退耕地植被恢复的思路和“以封山育林为主，辅之以人工措施”的基本建设，并提出了不同景观立地条件下的56种植被恢复模式。     

基于异构载体的海产品暂养水的协同处理

针对海产品暂养水盐度高、低温环境下靶向菌难驯化、难富集等问题,构建了微生物驯化富集装置,采用玉米芯作为异构载体与碳源,在低温条件下,通过检测水质与微生物群落结构等指标,探究了海产品暂养水对优势菌种演替的推动作用以及微生物群落结构与异构载体的相关性,并对污染物降解与水处理效果进行了分析评价。结果表明：在低温条件下,海产品暂养水对微生物的驯化富集效果较佳;以属水平为例,经过驯化富集培养的菌液主要以假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)为主,同时异构碳源的构造也对微生物的生长起到一定的促进作用;挂膜后的异构碳源对高盐暂养水的处理效果较佳,脱氮率达到(73.46±0.55)%,除磷率为(40.03±0.55)%,除沫率为(82.14±0.23)%。该装置在投入靶向菌与异构碳源后,提高了对高盐暂养水的处理能力;同时,玉米芯作为碳源供给,其缓释效果能够克服能量的过释并减少能耗,保证微生物的存活与运行。研究探讨了微生物与异构载体协同处理高盐暂养水的效果及其耦合效应,为高盐暂养水处理技术的创新与农用废弃物的回收利用提供了参考。