Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

Preparation of MgO/B2O3 coatings by plasma spraying on SUS304 surface and effects of heat-resistant

This study mainly deals with the preparation of MgO/B₂O₃ coatings by plasma spraying on the SUS304 surface and the effects of heatresistant. The power materials of low thermal conductivity were selected to control the heat divergent performance of high temperature parts. The reticular micro-structure between the cover thermal layer and the substrate was prepared by using the plasma spraying method. The powder mixture of MgO and B₂O₃ were selected as spraying materials and the SUS304 was used as the substrate material. The MgO/B₂O₃ coating was prepared on the surface of the SUS304 to provide better cover thermal performance. The properties of the microstructures and the morphologies were studied by Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Probe Microanalyzer, and X-ray Diffraction. The results showed that the cover thermal performance has been improved.     

热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法测定环境空气中5种挥发性卤代烃

建立热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境空气中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯、溴仿等5种挥发性卤代烃的分析方法。该方法在一定浓度范围内工作曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0．9990～0．9998之间,加标回收率在94．0％～106．6％之间,RSD为2．18％-7．62％,检出限为0．22μg／m3～0．30μg／m3。该方法具有操作简单、分析快速、准确度高、灵敏高的特点,用热脱附-气相色谱-质谱联用测定环境空气中5种挥发性卤代烃,结果令人满意。     

硫酸羟胺的自加速分解温度和稳定性研究

通过快速筛选热分析试验对硫酸羟胺热危险性进行定性分析,对其热分解过程进行初步研究,获得温度、压力变化规律;再运用C80微量热仪对硫酸羟胺进行深入分析,得到硫酸羟胺的化学反应动力学参数,根据Semenov模型计算其自加速分解温度（SADT）。试验结果表明：由RSD初步筛选试验得到硫酸羟胺在164．2℃时即发生分解放热;用C80法得到硫酸羟胺的起始热分解温度为137．1℃,并计算了该物质在3种典型包装下的自加速分解温度。由SADT得到储存、运输过程中硫酸羟胺的控制温度,从而为减少硫酸羟胺事故的发生提供必要的参考数据。     

微生物絮凝剂ZS-7的纯化及其结构特征研究

采用透析、乙醇沉淀、凝胶过滤层析对微生物絮凝剂ZS-7进行了纯化.经鉴定纯化后的微生物絮凝剂ZS-7是一种新型的糖蛋白,其产量大约为0.98 g/L发酵液.ZS-7主要由多糖和蛋白质组成,含量分别为91.5%和8.4%.进一步的分析表明ZS-7中含有酸性多糖包括糖醛酸(16.4%)、丙酮酸(7.1%)和乙酸(0.5%).采用凝胶色谱法测得ZS-7的相对分子质量为6.89×104.红外光谱、X射线能谱图和核磁共振图谱说明糖蛋白絮凝剂ZS-7含有羟基、氨基、羧基、甲氧基和磺酸等功能性基团.单糖组成分析说明ZS-7主要由鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,各单糖的摩尔比大致为:半乳糖∶葡萄糖∶甘露糖∶鼠李糖=142∶2.2∶4.5∶3.4.     

基于人体皮肤热模型的热防护服评价方法研究

在热防护服热防护性能测试装置基础上,用自行研制的新型耐高温模拟皮肤传感器代替铜片热流计测量通过应急热防护服装面料的热流量,将热流量作为热波皮肤模型边界条件,得到人体皮肤表层下80μm处的温度值,从而得到一定条件下人体真实皮肤达到二级烧伤所需时间,用其评价热防护服用织物的热防护性能,并将热波皮肤模型(TWMBT)的测试值与Pennes模型以及铜片热流计的测试结果进行分析比较。采用热波皮肤模型分析织物层下的"皮肤"防热时间更接近实际皮肤达到二级烧伤时间值,可较为精确的量化织物热防护性能,为应急救援热防护服装的热设计提供理论依据。     

大连金州地区海陆风及热内边界层研究

根据大连金州2009年常规气象站资料分析大连金州地区海陆风变化特征,并用MM5V3模式模拟典型日的海陆风风场变化和热内边界层位温场结构变化,结果表明:海风和陆风出现的频率有明显的季节性变化。冬季陆风较多,春夏海风较多,春季、冬季易形成海陆风;海风起止时间夏季长冬季短,陆风起止时间秋冬季较夏季长;典型海陆风日中,海风造成陆地湿度变大,海风风速大于陆风风速;通过海风的数值模拟,海风由生成到成熟海岸吹向内陆其厚度可增厚到1 000 m以上,伸向内陆距离可到18.9 km;热内边界层向内陆呈舌状分布,海岸边界层高度在700 m之间,抛物面高度随着向内陆延伸的距离增加而升高。热内边界层最高达1 000 m。     

羟基磷灰石-四氧化三铁-沸石复合材料制备及去除水中刚果红研究

采用可溶性磷酸盐、钙离子、二价铁离子、三价铁离子和天然沸石等材料制备了羟基磷灰石-四氧化三铁-沸石(HAPFe3O4-沸石)复合材料,对该复合材料进行了表征,并考察了该复合材料对水中刚果红的吸附作用.结果表明,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中的刚果红具备良好的吸附能力.当pH由3增加到4或由7增加到11时,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的去除能力下降;当pH由4增加到7时,对刚果红的吸附能力基本保持不变.HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的去除率随吸附剂投加量的增加而增加,而对水中刚果红的单位吸附量则随吸附剂投加量的增加而降低.HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的吸附动力学过程可以较好地采用准二级动力学模型加以描述,对刚果红的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型加以描述.根据Langmuir模型确定的最大吸附容量为117 mg·g-1.(pH 7和303 K).HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的吸附是自发吸热并伴随熵增加的过程.当pH为7时,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料吸附水中刚果红的主要机制包括表面配位作用、氢键作用以及路易斯酸碱反应.采用热再生的方法可以使吸附刚果红后的HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料得到再生,热再生后的复合材料可以循环使用并且对水中刚果红的吸附性能良好.X射线衍射分析结果表明HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料含Fe3O4,磁滞回线结果表明HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料具备较高的磁饱和强度,复合材料吸附刚果红后可以很容易地通过外加磁场的作用快速地与水溶液分离.结果表明,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料适合作为一种吸附剂去除废水中的刚果红.     

热强化气相抽提对不同质地土壤中苯去除的影响

研究应用电阻加热强化气相抽提技术对砂土、壤土和黏土中苯去除效果的影响及作用机制.与常规抽提结果相比,在热强化处理作用下气相抽提对砂土和壤土中苯的去除效率提高了13.1%和12.3%,处理时间分别降低75%和14%.热强化处理使得黏土含水率下降,土壤渗透率升高,黏土颗粒表面羧基和乙基的吸收峰消失,有机质含量减少,苯的去除效率与对照相比提高了34%.对于砂土和壤土,热强化主要是通过促进苯在土体中扩散来提高去除效率,从而实现在较短时间内污染物质的大量去除;而对于黏土则是通过降低土壤颗粒表面有机基团的含量,从而降低污染物和土壤颗粒的吸附能力,并通过降低含水率和升高渗透率从而提高土壤中气体的扩散性能,以达到增强气相抽提效果的目的.     

热脱附-气相色谱法测定空气中的总挥发性有机化合物研究

建立了热脱附-毛细管气相色谱法测定空气中苯、甲苯、乙酸丁酯、乙苯、对/间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯和十一烷等挥发性有机物的检测方法。九种挥发性有机物在一定浓度范围内标准曲线线性良好,相关系数均在0.997~0.999之间。检出限在0.002~0.005 mg/m3(采样体积1.0 L计)。用该方法检测了企业产生的有机废气及厂区周边环境空气,实验结果表明该方法灵敏度高、操作简单、重现性好、准确可靠,能够满足对实际样品的分析要求。