金属氧化物降解六氯苯的活性比较及催化机理研究

以氧化铝(α-Al_2O_3、γ-Al_2O_3)、氧化钙(CaO)、过渡金属氧化物(Mn O_2、α-Fe_2O_3、γ-Fe_2O_3、Ni_2O_3、CuO)为催化剂,考察了催化剂种类、添加比例等因素对六氯苯(Hexachlorobenzene,HCB)降解效果和产物组分的影响.结果表明,催化效果随催化剂添加比例的提高显著增加.在反应温度为350℃,反应时间1 h,金属氧化物添加比例为100∶1的条件下,碱土金属氧化物CaO及过渡金属氧化物中的α-Fe_2O_3和Ni_2O_3降解活性较好,这3种氧化物对HCB的降解率分别达到65.5%、100.0%和100.0%,脱氯率D_1分别为54.4%、81.9%和77.5%.HCB降解有机产物分析结果显示,8种金属氧化物与HCB样品反应产物中均存在低氯代苯,在α-Fe_2O_3和Ni_2O_3的催化作用下有2~4氯代低氯苯检出,说明在降解过程中存在明显的逐级脱氯/加氢反应;与CaO反应后的产物中低氯代苯较少,经拉曼光谱定性分析,有无序碳的检出,说明除了脱氯/加氢还存在脱氯缩合反应.     

基于红外热成像的隧道火焰检测技术研究

精准的火焰检测是有效避免火灾发生的关键,针对传统的火灾探测算法在公路隧道等大空间环境中存在及时性与准确性相互制约的问题,通过研究隧道火焰初期在图像中呈现的静态和动态特征,提出了一种基于红外热成像的公路隧道火灾初期火焰检测方法。利用温度阈值获取疑似火焰区域,根据红外图像在引导滤波器作用下降噪,同时利用区域增长法分割疑似火焰区域;从疑似区域中提取的特征值构成特征向量,进行数据归一化提高SVM收敛速度;利用人工蜂群算法优化参数。结果表明：ABC-SVM能够实现公路隧道火灾初期的火焰识别,检测正确率相较于RBF方法提升了2.26%,运行时间缩短了2.29 ms;检测正确率相较于SVM方法提升了0.87%,运行时间缩短了2.22 ms。本方法可以对初期隧道火灾进行快速、有效检测,并有良好的环境适用性。     

碱熔融法合成NaA和NaX型粉煤灰沸石的品质表征

以粉煤灰为原料采用碱熔融法合成了2种单一沸石矿物种的NaA和NaX型沸石,并对产物的结构、性能和应用指标进行了详细表征.经x射线衍射和IR光谱分析,表明合成产物是无杂晶生成的NaA和NaX型沸石相;在扫描电镜观察下,产物分别具有NaA和NaX型沸石的立方体和八面体晶体骨架结构.DTA分析表明了合成产物中沸石水的存在,且产物热稳定性较好.通过对比,粉煤灰合成的NaA和NaX型沸石的比表面积达到了相应商品沸石的66.9%和83.6%;孔容为41.1%和70.2%;阳离子交换容量(CEC,cation exchange capacity)为82.93%和84.31%.通过比较化学组成表明,大规模应用合成产物不会对环境造成危害.     

焊点热疲劳失效原因分析

某PCBA样品在使用约半年后出现功能失效,该PCBA在封装后进行整体灌胶,将失效样品剥离,发现部分器件直接脱落,通过表面观察、切片分析、EBSD分析、应力分析、热膨胀系数测试等手段对样品进行分析,结果表明:各封装材料存在热失配,且焊点缺陷较多且存在应力集中区,加速焊点的疲劳失效进程,导致PCBA功能失效。     

热真空试验系统温度均匀度试验研究

热真空试验是航天器研制过程中非常重要的一项试验,作为满足热真空试验必不可少的工具,好的热真空试验系统可以保证试验件在不失真的情况下试验,使试验受控,而热真空试验系统温度均匀度不好,会造成过试验或欠试验的产生。文中以某型热真空试验设备为例,通过试验研究分析其温度均匀度,可以提高热真空试验的精度。     

高含盐废水脱盐处理技术研究进展

综述了几种常见的高含盐废水脱盐处理技术的发展历程、工艺原理、优缺点及目前的研究进展,分析了热分离、膜分离、电渗析、离子交换、电吸附、微生物脱盐等方法的优缺点,展望了未来废水脱盐工艺的发展方向。指出：脱盐方法将根据各类水体的水质特点更加精细化;多种脱盐技术联合应用也是今后废水脱盐的发展方向。     

Comparative study on performances of a heat-pipe PV/T system and a heat-pipe solar water heating system

The heat-pipe solar water heating (HP-SWH) system and the heat-pipe photovoltaic/thermal (HP-PV/T) system are two practical solar systems, both of which use heat pipes to transfer heat. By selecting appropriate working fluid of the heat-pipes, these systems can be used in the cold region without being frozen. However, performances of these two solar systems are different because the HP-PV/T system can simultaneously provide electricity and heat, whereas the HP-SWH system provides heat only. In order to understand these two systems, this work presents a mathematical model for each system to study their one-day and annual performances. One-day simulation results showed that the HP-SWH system obtained more thermal energy and total energy than the HP-PV/T system while the HP-PV/T system achieved higher exergy efficiency than the HP-SWH system. Annual simulation results indicated that the HP-SWH system can heat the water to the available temperature (45°C) solely by solar energy for more than 121 days per year in typical climate regions of China, Hong Kong, Lhasa, and Beijing, while the HP-PV/T system can only work for not more than 102 days. The HP-PV/T system, however, can provide an additional electricity output of 73.019 kWh/m², 129.472 kWh/m², and 90.309 kWh/m² per unit collector area in the three regions, respectively.     

Characterization of coffee residues pellets and their performance in a residential combustor

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) and coffee husks (CH) were evaluated as biofuels, after densification, for energy production. CH represent a specific problem for the coffee industry due to a low calorific value, high ash content, and a very low bulk density. Hence, the energetic potential of SCG (95 wt%)/CH (5 wt%) blend and pure SCG (100%) were examined. The blend of SCG and CH was limited to 5 wt% of CH because of the low bulk density of CH. Therefore, physicochemical and energetic characterizations of the produced pellets were performed. Thermogravimetric analyses were performed under nitrogen and air atmospheres to evaluate the CH behavior in the blend. Characterization study shows that both produced pellets could reach the French Agropellets standard (AQI). Thermal degradation showed that the mean reactivity of the SCG/HC pellets was higher than pure SCG. Then, combustion experiments were performed in a domestic combustor, after modification of the boiler power in order to improve its energetic performances. The presence of CH led to a rise of CO, NOx, VOC’s, and particle emissions. Nevertheless, the performances of the biofuels are almost in agreement the NF EN 12809 standard.     

An experimental apparatus for testing biodiesels based on a CFR engine—setup and validation with different methyl ester blends

A cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine was modified and instrumented in order to control operating conditions and to measure engine parameters and in-cylinder pressure diagrams. Aiming at the comparison of different alternative fuels, an experimental procedure was defined, including cetane number (CN) evaluation and the definition of engine operating quantities in different working points, for fixed levels of compression ratio (CR) and injection advance. An investigation was made considering several blends of methyl-esters of rapeseed oil (RME) and of a mix of vegetable oils (VOME) with conventional diesel oil. The defined experimental procedure was applied to assess CN, engine brake thermal efficiency (bte) and exhaust emissions. Results show that the biodiesel content has a positive influence on soot emissions, with strong reduction, while thermal efficiency and NO_X emissions are negatively affected, which can be justified taking into account fuel properties and changes in combustion process. As observed outcomes are generally in line with those presented in literature, the facility proved to be a suitable tool for basic investigations on alternative fuels to be used in specific applications.     

Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/t) panel to minimize electrical and air conditioning energy consumption of a typical office in Beirut

A combined photovoltaic–thermal (PV/t) panel is proposed to produce simultaneously electricity and heat from one integrated unit. The unit utilizes effectively the solar energy through achieving higher PV electrical efficiency and using the thermal energy for heating applications. To predict the performance of the PV/t at a given environmental conditions, a transient mathematical model was developed. The model was integrated in a heating application for a typical office space in the city of Beirut to provide the office needs for electricity, heating during winter season, and dehumidification and evaporative cooling during the summer season. To minimize the yearly office energy (electrical and heat) needs, the PV/t panel cooling air flow rate and the dehumidification regeneration temperature were determined for opimal unit operation. Thermal energy savings of up to 85% in winter and 71% in summer were achived compared to conventional systems at a payback period of 8 years for the panels.