全国火电厂烟气连续监测系统运行状况调研及分析

通过对全国火电厂烟气连续监测系统运行状况的实地调查和函调,发现全国已有40个火电厂安装了51套烟气连续监测系统,另有近30个火电厂已购买或正准备购买.51套中全套引进的有45套,其余6套有国内单位参与配套,共涉及中外厂家22个;安装在烟囱上的有17套,占33.3%;系统能够运行或大部分仪器设备在运行的有23套,占45.1%,但运行结果基本上均未得到环保部门认可,处于无效运行状态;绝大部分烟气连续监测系统处于停运状态,甚至从未投运过.文章分析了烟气连续监测系统运行状况不佳的原因,并提出改进建议.     

Thermal behaviors and heavy metal vaporization of phosphatized tannery sludge in incineration process

The high concentration of heavy metal (Cu, Cr, Zn, Pb) in tannery sludge causes severe heavy metal emissions in the process of incineration. In the present investigation, the tannery sludge was treated with 85% phosphoric acid before the incineration process in the tube furnace to control the heavy metal emissions. The thermal behavior and heavy metal vaporization of pre-treated tannery sludge were investigated, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were also implemente...     

运用热脱附/GC/MS分析研究室内空气中TVOC浓度及种类分布

利用热脱附/GC/MS联用技术定性、定量(半定量)分析了多组有代表性的室内空气样品。结果表明,室内空气挥发性有机气体的主要成分是苯系物、烃类、醛酮类、酯类等;装修后3个月内的家居室内空气中的苯25%超标,甲苯58%超标,二甲苯79%超标,TVOC 100%超标;一年后,仅TVOC还有11%的超标。办公室情况类似。     

Thermal Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Systems: A Parametric Study

Conventional solar photovoltaic (PV) module converts the light component of solar radiation into electrical power, and heat part is absorbed by module increasing its operating temperature. Combined PV module and heat exchanger generating both electrical and thermal powers is called as hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar system. The paper presents the design of a PV/T collector, made with thin film PV technology and a spiral flow absorber, and a simulation model, developed through the system of several mathematical equations, to evaluate the performance of PV/T water collectors. The effect of various parameters on the thermal and electrical efficiency has been investigated to obtain optimum combination of parameters. Finally, a numerical simulation has been carried out for the daily and annual yield of the proposed PV/T collector, and comparison with a standard PV module is discussed.     

Geospatial Method to Map Potential Risk of Stormwater Thermal Pollution

Thermal pollution is a growing concern as communities strive to protect and improve the nation's waters. The purpose of this study was to develop and analyze a geospatial model that predicts the relative risk of contribution of thermal energy to surface runoff throughout an urban watershed. A geospatial‐based solution could serve as a screening method or planning element, prior to or instead of the development of a more complex simulation of mass‐load transport of thermal energy. The study's theoretical methodology integrated the thermal potential of land cover and thermal decay due to overland travel to inlets. The resulting thermal pollution potential (TPP) index value was then assigned to individual model grid cells for comparison. Analysis of results from application to a case study watershed in Blacksburg, Virginia, indicated the computational methodology is not very sensitive to changes in spatial resolution. The thermal decay constant used in the analysis was varied, and results indicated a low sensitivity to selection of this parameter. A comparison between methods of watershed delineation also indicated use of infrastructure‐corrected watershed delineation yields better results than derivation from automated techniques. The geospatial method presented may be used to reproduce a TPP risk map to prioritize thermal pollution mitigation efforts.     

Experimental energy and exergy analyses of a discharging heat exchanger for a small hot-oil domestic storage tank

Experiments are described to investigate the thermal performance of a discharging heat exchanger for a small storage tank filled with oil. Experimental results are presented in terms of the discharging energy rates (power) and the discharging exergy rates for low (~4 ml/s) and high discharging flow rates (~8 ml/s). Water heating energy rates, which are respectively maximized at approximately 600 W and 1200 W at low and high flow-rate discharging, are found to be higher than the discharging energy rates, which are respectively maximized at 450 W and 900 W. These results indicate that the energy rates do not accurately evaluate the thermal performance of the discharging heat exchanger since the energy heating rate of the water is greater than that for the oil that heats it, which is thermodynamically inconsistent. The energy rates should thus be used with caution when the thermal performance of the heat exchanger is evaluated. Water heating exergy rates, which are respectively maximized at approximately 45 W and 130 W at low and high flow-rate discharging, are generally smaller than the discharging exergy rates, which are respectively maximized at 65 W and 170 W. Exergy rate results are thus more consistent in the physical process of water heating, and an exergy factor is suggested as a proper measure for evaluating the performance of the discharging heat exchanger. The maximum value of the exergy factor is found to increase from 0.15 at low flow rates to a maximum value of approximately 0.19 at high flow rates. This implies that to extract more energy from a storage tank to a discharging heat exchanger, the flow rate has to be high, which is consistent with the physical process of heating water faster to higher temperatures. The exergy factor can thus be used as a design parameter for discharging heat exchangers.     

圆孔装药固体火箭发动机的慢速烤燃特性研究

目的 研究圆孔装药固体火箭发动机的慢速烤燃特性.方法 针对装填高能推进剂的固体火箭发动机,建立了二维瞬态慢速烤燃模型.其中AP/HTPB推进剂的化学动力学模型为两步总包反应模型.在升温速率分别为3.6、7.2、10.8 K/h的工况下,进行固体火箭发动机的烤燃数值模拟,并具体分析慢速烤燃工况下固体火箭发动机的传热特性和...     

Numerical studies on the thermal regimes of the horizontal tube falling film evaporation under varying feeder height

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses about the effect of feeder height and heat flux on the heat transfer characteristics of horizontal tube falling film evaporation in the thermal regimes. In order to investigate this, a two- dimensional CFD model was developed to perform simulation and results were compared and validated with published data available in the literature. Heat transfer co-efficients in the thermal regimes were determined from the CFD simulation and the results were recorded, analyzed and validated with the mathematical models available in the literature. The novelty of the current study is to predict the commencement of the fully developed thermal region over the tube from the simulation model under varying feeder height and heat flux. An effort was also made to measure the liquid film thickness around the tube from the CFD model in the thermal regimes. It is observed that angle of thermally developing region contracts and fully developed thermal region extends with the increase of the feeder height and heat flux. It is observed from the study that increase of heat flux by 10 kW/m² resulted in increase of heat transfer co-efficient value by 10–12% average in thermally developing region and 12–15% average in fully developed region. Thinnest liquid film thickness observed between 85 and 127°angle. Shifting of thinnest region of liquid film upward from the mid tube with the increase of the feeder height and heat flux is noted.     

Tropical amphibians in shifting thermal landscapes under land‐use and climate change

Land‐cover and climate change are both expected to alter species distributions and contribute to future biodiversity loss. However, the combined effects of land‐cover and climate change on assemblages, especially at the landscape scale, remain understudied. Lowland tropical amphibians may be particularly susceptible to changes in land cover and climate warming because many species have narrow thermal safety margins resulting from air and body temperatures that are close to their critical thermal maxima (CT_max). We examined how changing thermal landscapes may alter the area of thermally suitable habitat (TSH) for tropical amphibians. We measured microclimates in 6 land‐cover types and CT_max of 16 frog species in lowland northeastern Costa Rica. We used a biophysical model to estimate core body temperatures of frogs exposed to habitat‐specific microclimates while accounting for evaporative cooling and behavior. Thermally suitable habitat area was estimated as the portion of the landscape where species CT_max exceeded their habitat‐specific maximum body temperatures. We projected changes in TSH area 80 years into the future as a function of land‐cover change only, climate change only, and combinations of land‐cover and climate‐change scenarios representing low and moderate rates of change. Projected decreases in TSH area ranged from 16% under low emissions and reduced forest loss to 30% under moderate emissions and business‐as‐usual land‐cover change. Under a moderate emissions scenario (A1B), climate change alone contributed to 1.7‐ to 4.5‐fold greater losses in TSH area than land‐cover change only, suggesting that future decreases in TSH from climate change may outpace structural habitat loss. Forest‐restricted species had lower mean CT_max than species that occurred in altered habitats, indicating that thermal tolerances will likely shape assemblages in changing thermal landscapes. In the face of ongoing land‐cover and climate change, it will be critical to consider changing thermal landscapes in strategies to conserve ectotherm species.     

深井采矿热贡献率计算方法研究与实践

为了减小深井热害对井下工作人员及有序生产的危害,需要明确深井各热源放热量对深井的热害影响程度。借鉴经济学理论,提出深井采矿的热贡献率概念。结合文献调查与工程实践数据,通过入风流温湿度的季节性变化,确定不同温湿度入风流所引起深井空气自压缩传热、围岩传热、矿石冷却放热、矿石氧化放热、充填体放热、机电设备放热、人员放热热源贡献率的变化,以及入风井、平巷、工作面中的区段热贡献率及区段热贡献密度的变化。得出了不同季节的热源放热曲线以及热源贡献率、区段热贡献率、区段热贡献密度排序以指导热害治理。