生物质气化灰的肥效试验研究

通过试验对生物质气化发电的副产物--生物质气化灰的肥效进行研究.结果表明,在施肥量相同的条件下,添加生物质气化灰的试样,除黄瓜外,空心菜、油麦菜、樱桃萝卜、上海青试样的发芽时间都略早于单施化学肥料的试样; 后期长势也明显优于单施化学肥料的试样,叶片厚而有光泽; 前者在生长过程中没有虫害现象,后者有虫害现象.在生物质气化灰中添加氮、磷的试样比施单一肥料的试样长势好.研究表明,生物质气化灰具有替代钾肥的广阔市场前景.     

3池交替运行活性污泥法生物除磷脱氮的探讨

介绍了 3池交替运行活性污泥法进行生物除磷脱氮的运行模式 ,从理论上探讨了溶解氧、污泥龄等运行参数的确定与控制及碳源、硝酸盐对工艺生物除磷脱氮的影响。     

Effects of Riparian Areas,Stream Order,and Land Use Disturbance on Watershed‐Scale Habitat Potential: An Ecohydrologic Approach to Policy1

Abstract: Spatio‐temporal linkages between hydrologic and ecologic dimensions of watersheds play a critical role in conservation policies. Habitat potential is influenced by variation along longitudinal and lateral gradients and land use disturbance. An assessment of these influences provides critical information for protecting watershed ecosystems and in making spatially explicit, conservation decisions. We use an ecohydrologic approach that focuses on interface between hydrological and ecological processes. This study focuses on changes in watershed habitat potentials along lateral (riparian), and longitudinal (stream order) dimensions and disturbance (land use). The habitat potentials were evaluated for amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds in the Westfield River Watershed of Massachusetts using geographic information systems and multivariate analysis. We use a polynomial model to study nonlinear effects using robust regression. Various spatial policies were modeled and evaluated for influence on species diversity. All habitat potentials showed a strong influence along spatial dimensions and disturbance. The habitat potential for all vertebrate groups studied decreased as the distance from the riparian zone increased. Headwaters and lower order subwatersheds had higher levels of species diversity compared to higher order subwatersheds. It was observed that locations with the least disturbance also had higher habitat potential. The study identifies three policy criteria that could be used to identify critical areas within a watershed to conserve habitat suitable for various species through management and restoration activities. A spatially variable policy that is based on stream order, riparian distance, and land use can be used to maximize watershed ecological benefits. Wider riparian zones with variable widths, protection of headwaters and lower order subwatersheds, and minimizing disturbance in riparian and headwater areas can be used in watershed policy. These management objectives could be achieved using targeted economic incentives, best management practices, zoning laws, and educational programs using a watershed perspective.     

我国建筑业安全风险三维空间研究

系统地考虑中国建筑业安全事故发生的时间、空间和影响因素,构建了以工程建设活动状态、安全基本风险因素和安全风险后果作为3个维度的建筑安全风险三维空间模型。基于建筑业企业的工程活动状态,以建筑施工为主体,通过分析主体之间以及主体与其相关者的关系确定建筑业企业的安全基本风险因素子集。通过建筑施工安全事故相关分析相关者,推演出建筑业安全基本风险的主要相关者,并对三维空间中各维度进行分解及数学描述。建立了建筑安全风险后果与工程建设状态关系矩阵,将工程建设状态的安全风险后果清晰地系统地表示了出来。     

煤矿火灾过程仿真模拟系统的研究

以煤矿火灾理论和仿真模拟理论为基础，建立了描述煤矿火灾烟流扩散和风流状态的数学模型。运用面向对象技术和三维虚拟现实技术，开发了煤矿火灾过程三维动态仿真模拟系统。该系统通过逼真、形象的三维可视化，模拟火灾发展趋势，实现了火灾数值模拟与灾害现象真实描述的有机结合，为煤矿火灾影响范围和危害程度的预测提供了切实可靠的决策依据。     

Clarifying values,risk perceptions,and attitudes to resolve or avoid social conflicts in invasive species management

Decision makers and researchers recognize the need to effectively confront the social dimensions and conflicts inherent to invasive species research and management. Yet, despite numerous contentious situations that have arisen, no systematic evaluation of the literature has examined the commonalities in the patterns and types of these emergent social issues. Using social and ecological keywords, we reviewed trends in the social dimensions of invasive species research and management and the sources and potential solutions to problems and conflicts that arise around invasive species. We integrated components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perceptions theory to provide a conceptual framework to identify, distinguish, and provide understanding of the driving factors underlying disputes associated with invasive species. In the ISI Web of Science database, we found 15,915 peer‐reviewed publications on biological invasions, 124 of which included social dimensions of this phenomenon. Of these 124, 28 studies described specific contentious situations. Social approaches to biological invasions have emerged largely in the last decade and have focused on both environmental social sciences and resource management. Despite being distributed in a range of journals, these 124 articles were concentrated mostly in ecology and conservation‐oriented outlets. We found that conflicts surrounding invasive species arose based largely on differences in value systems and to a lesser extent stakeholder and decision maker's risk perceptions. To confront or avoid such situations, we suggest integrating the plurality of environmental values into invasive species research and management via structured decision making techniques, which enhance effective risk communication that promotes trust and confidence between stakeholders and decision makers. Clarificar los Valores, Percepciones de Riesgo y Actitudes para Resolver o Evitar Conflictos Sociales en el Manejo de Especies Invasoras     

Current Practice and Future Prospects for Social Data in Coastal and Ocean Planning

Coastal and ocean planning comprises a broad field of practice. The goals, political processes, and approaches applied to planning initiatives may vary widely. However, all planning processes ultimately require adequate information on both the biophysical and social attributes of a planning region. In coastal and ocean planning practice, there are well‐established methods to assess biophysical attributes; however, less is understood about the role and assessment of social data. We conducted the first global assessment of the incorporation of social data in coastal and ocean planning. We drew on a comprehensive review of planning initiatives and a survey of coastal and ocean practitioners. There was significantly more incorporation of social data in multiuse versus conservation‐oriented planning. Practitioners engaged a wide range of social data, including governance, economic, and cultural attributes of planning regions and human impacts data. Less attention was given to ecosystem services and social–ecological linkages, both of which could improve coastal and ocean planning practice. Although practitioners recognize the value of social data, little funding is devoted to its collection and incorporation in plans. Increased capacity and sophistication in acquiring critical social and ecological data for planning is necessary to develop plans for more resilient coastal and ocean ecosystems and communities. We suggest that improving social data monitoring, and in particular spatial social data, to complement biophysical data, is necessary for providing holistic information for decision‐support tools and other methods. Moving beyond people as impacts to people as beneficiaries, through ecosystem services assessments, holds much potential to better incorporate the tenets of ecosystem‐based management into coastal and ocean planning by providing targets for linked biodiversity conservation and human welfare outcomes. La Práctica Actual y los Prospectos Futuros para los Datos Sociales en la Planeación Costera y Oceánica     

东三省国家自然保护区管理现状调查及分析

对辽宁、吉林、黑龙江三省（简称东三省）51个国家级自然保护区人类活动情况进行了实地考察,并对自然保护区的建’设和管理情况进行了调研。针对调研情况,为加强东三省国家级自然保护区管理工作的顺利进行,提出了相应的建议。     

Usage,definition, and measurement of coexistence,tolerance and acceptance in wildlife conservation research in Africa

The terms ‘coexistence’, ‘tolerance,’ and ‘acceptance’ appear frequently in conservation literature, but lack consistent characterization, making them difficult to apply across intervention frameworks. This review aims to describe the common characterizations of these three terms using Africa-based research as a case study. Through systematic lexical searches, we identified 392 papers containing one or more of the three terms. We assessed their usage, definition, and measurement (or lack thereof) in wildlife conservation. Coexistence was used in 46% of papers, but was defined in only 2% and measured in 4%. Tolerance and acceptance were used in 63% and 61% of the papers in which they appeared, respectively, defined in 4% and 2%, and measured in 19% and 5%. These results confirm the lack of clear understanding of these concepts and evidence the need for a precise lexicon. This would allow conservationists to cohesively describe their work and increase replicability of research across contexts.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01352-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

经济集聚对中国三大城市群土地利用生态效率的影响

基于非期望产出的超效率EBM模型,测算2005—2016年京津冀、长三角和珠三角等中国三大城市群土地利用生态效率,采用核密度函数对其演变特征进行分析,并运用面板门槛回归模型和面板向量自回归模型,从产业和人口两个角度分析经济集聚对城市群土地利用生态效率的非线性影响和直接冲击。结果表明：（1）2005—2016年间中国三大城市群土地利用生态效率总体呈现先收敛后分化的演化特征,不同城市群之间的土地利用生态效率时空演变具有显著差异;（2）第三产业集聚水平和人口集聚水平对城市群土地利用生态效率表现出单门槛效应,表明适度产业集聚和人口集聚对城市群土地利用生态效率具有正向促进作用,反之则会导致促进作用下降甚至出现负向影响;（3）第三产业集聚水平和土地利用生态效率自身对土地利用生态效率的直接冲击都是从开始就达到顶峰而后收敛为0,而第二产业集聚水平和人口集聚水平则是先负向冲击后持续正向冲击。城市群在制定经济发展政策和土地利用政策时,既要充分发挥经济集聚的正面环境效应,也要重视不同经济集聚的适度性和动态性。