三江源区不同建植年代人工草地群落演替与土壤养分变化

研究了了三源区不同建植期人工修复草地在不同演替阶段毒杂草[主要是甘肃马先蒿(Pedicularis kansuensis)]的入侵规律、数量特征,植物群落物种组成、生物苗和草地质最以及土壤养分、微生物活性的变化规律.结果表明,不同建植期人工修复草地植物群落的种类组成、植物功能群组成和群落数量特征存在显著差异.随着演替时间的推移,人工草地群落盖度、高度、物种数、生物最和多样性指数均表现出"V"字型变化规律,杂类草--甘肃马先蒿的数量特征变化尤为明显,在4 a的人工草地群落中开始局部入侵,在5～6 a的人工草地群落中大面积入侵,其入侵速度、入侵面积达到高峰期.土壤的含水量、容重、土壤中有机质、氮素和磷素在演替过程(7 a、9 a草地)中逐渐降低,到一定时期又逐步增加;随着演替的进行,不同建植期人工草地的土壤微牛物生物量碳和酶活性均呈"V"字型,变化.对于退化生态系统的恢复首先是植被恢复,其次是土壤肥力的恢复.土壤有机质等养分的积累、微生物活性的改善不仅能使土壤-植物复合系统的功能得以恢复,同时也能促进物种多样性的形成,有利于人工草地群落稳定性的提高.在试验区尽管植被恢复演替进行得比较缓慢,但从土壤发展的角度看,仍属进展演替.所以,在退化高寒草甸的恢复过程中,若降低和有效控制外界的干扰(如围栏封育),可为退化草地恢复提供繁殖体与土壤环境,实现人工草地逐步向恢复(正向)演替进行.图3表6参34     

三维电极电Fenton氧化法处理染料废水

采用三维电极电Fenton氧化法处理实际染料废水,探究了染料废水处理效果的影响因素。实验结果表明：以钌铱镀层钛电极为阳极、不锈钢板为阴极、粉末活性炭为颗粒电极,在粉末活性炭投加量为2.0 g/L、电流密度为0.5 mA/mm²、极板间距为3 cm、pH为2.0、硫酸亚铁投加量为0.50 g/L的最优工艺条件下,反应2 h后COD、TOC、氨氮、色度的去除率达到最大,分别为62.80%、41.15%、42.48%和95.00%;粉末活性炭作为颗粒电极可使染料废水COD去除率提高18个百分点;重复使用10次的处理效果与第2次基本持平。     

内循环三相生物流化床处理生活污水的试验研究

对内循环三相生物流化床处理生活污水进行了试验研究,探讨了生物膜的形成和水力停留时间及曝气量对处理效果的影响。结果表明：在HRT为6h,曝气量为0.6m3/h,进水COD和NH4＋-N分别为240.2~298.7mg/L和29.1~68.9mg/L条件下,平均COD去除率为83%,NH4＋-N去除率为95.1%。     

Assessing Landowner Activities Related to Birds Across Rural-to-Urban Landscapes

Fluctuations of bird abundances in the Midwest region of the United States have been attributed to such factors as landscape change, habitat fragmentation, depredation, and supplemental feeding. However, no attempt has been made to estimate the collective role of landowner activities that may influence birds across a landscape. To investigate how landowners might influence birds when the majority (> 90%) of land is privately owned, we surveyed all 1694 private domestic landowners living on three breeding bird survey routes (120 km) that represent a continuum of rural-to-urban landscapes in Southeastern Michigan from October through December 2000. Our survey was designed to investigate (1) the proportion of landowners involved in bird feeding, providing bird houses, planting or maintaining vegetation for birds, gardening, landscaping, applying fertilizer, and applying pesticides or herbicides; (2) whether differences existed between urban, suburban, and rural landowner activities; and (3) whether landowners that carried out a given activity were sociodemographically different from those who did not. Of the 968 respondents (58.5% response rate), 912 (94%) carried out at least one of the activities on their land and the average landowner carried out 3.7 activities. A total of 65.6% fed birds, 45.7% provided bird houses, 54.6% planted or maintained vegetation for birds, 72.7% gardened, 72.3% landscaped, 49.3% applied fertilizer, and 25.2% applied pesticides or herbicides. Significant differences existed between the landscapes, with rural landowners having more bird houses and applying pesticides or herbicides in greater frequency. Similarly, urban landowners had a greater density of bird feeders and houses, but planted or maintained vegetation in the lowest frequency. Participation in activities varied by demographic factors, such as age, gender, and occupation. Scaling each activity to all landowners, including nonrespondents, across all landscapes indicates that between 14% and 82% of landowners may be engaged in a particular activity, with application of pesticides or herbicides having the least potential involvement (13.9%–55.4%) and gardening having the greatest potential involvement (40.1%–81.6%). Taken collectively, our results indicate that landowners are both intentionally and unintentionally engaged in a wide range of activities that are likely to influence bird populations.     

论煤矿"三废"与环境保护

煤矿“三废”是煤矿主要环境污染问题之一，是煤矿环境保护的一个重要方面。本文分析了煤矿在开采、加工过程中所产生的“三废”问题，指出了它们对环境造成的影响和破坏，并提出针对性措施，同时还阐述了搞好煤矿环境保护的总体对策。     

三峡工程库区巫山段干支流水质变化分析研究

文章采用巫山县环境监测站2002年到2008年监测资料,对三峡工程蓄水后库区巫山段水质进行了评价与分析。结果表明：蓄水后三峡库区长江干流巫山段总体水质良好;未受到重金属、石油类和挥发性酚类物质污染;总氮和总磷指标偏高;水体处于中营养状态水平。蓄水后一级支流总磷、总氮指标升高,水质类别上升,水质有恶化的趋势;水流变缓,气候条件和营养盐浓度适宜,在一级支流回水敏感区的部分河段爆发了“水华”,富营养化的潜在风险升高。在营养水平和气候条件相当的情况下,支流回水区常爆发“水华”而干流未出现“水华”现象,说明水动力条件是发生水体富营养化的主要诱发因子。     

基于三层网络的SBR法深度脱氮智能控制系统的中试研究

以一座处理量为60m3·d-1的SBR法中试系统为研究对象,将三层网络智能控制技术引入SBR工艺中,并对该智能控制系统的深度脱氮效果和稳定性进行了中试研究.在SBR法硝化反硝化过程中,pH、DO、ORP曲线上会出现反映生物脱氮进程的特征点,以pH、DO、ORP为控制参数建立的智能控制策略可以准确判断反应的终点,避免了过度曝气,在保证深度脱氮的前提下节省了能耗.经过10个月的稳定运行,即使在温度较低的情况下,该SBR法智能控制中试系统出水的各项指标完全能够达到国家污水排放一级标准,并且达到了深度脱氮的效果,出水COD低于50 mg·L-1,总氮低于5 mg·L-1.     

含油污泥三相离心分离处理技术研究

针对原油生产过程中产生的大量含油污泥,油泥成分复杂、严重污染周边环境且造成资源浪费的情况,采用三相离心分离工艺对含油污泥进行处理。通过室内试验研究,确定了含油污泥处理的最佳条件。添加分离剂能够改善油泥分离性能,提高油泥温度能够改善油泥流动效果,摸索出油泥离心分离的最佳时间和离心速率,并对分离后的三相物质进行物性检测。该工艺处理含油污泥可以有效的回收原油,处理后固相减量75%,实现含油污泥减量化、资源化处理的目的。     

三维电极方法降解模拟废水COD机理研究

采用细胞色素C法和Ti(Ⅳ ) 5 Br PADAP法证实了三维电极降解废水COD过程中有活性物质H2 O2 及·OH自由基的存在 ;采用红外光谱对废水处理前后的有机物结构进行了研究。并对三维电极方法降解废水COD的机理进行了探讨     

闭环电控三元催化技术对化油器型车辆排放的控制

针对城市汽车尾气治理及化油器型车辆的排放现状 ,指出开发和运用闭环电控三元催化技术是目前解决城市化油器型车辆排放问题及时可行的过渡措施 ,并对电控三元催化技术的应用提出了建议与要求。