Kinetics of endosulfan sorption on to wood charcoal

Abstract

A part of the research work conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a locally available low cost wood charcoal in removing endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, has been presented here in this paper. In the batch experiments conducted at 1 mg/I initial concentration of endosulfan, it was found that wood charcoal could remove endosulfan from water up to 95%. Kinetic profiles were developed for various conditions and they followed second order kinetic reactions. Adsorption equilibrium time was determined by two different approaches namely rough estimate and 2% slope criteria. The equilibrium time was found to be 5 hrs. Forward, reverse, and overall reaction rate constants were determined by approximating the kinetic data to the first order reversible kinetic model. Rate constants increased with increasing initial concentration of endosulfan. Rate limiting process was determined by using kinetics data and further confirmed by the multiple interruption test. Pore and film diffusion coefficients were determined from the half time equations. Film diffusion appeared to be the rate limiting which was further supported by the multiple interruption test.     

包气带土层中石油污染物的微生物降解研究

在包气带土层中污染物的生物降解过程中,营养物水平是重要的限制性因素.笔者通过测定土层中的氮和磷组分的含量,以及生物降解速率的实验研究,测得淄河河滩土层每kg干土中可生物利用的氮为0.814 7 g,可生物利用的磷为36.9 mg,相对微生物的生长来说二者均严重不足,无法满足生物降解要求.研究表明,翻耕供氧,大大强化了生物降解过程.同时,根据柱层析分析结果确定三种石油组分降解速率分别为:芳香烃>脂肪烃>胶质.      

农业气候资源多时间尺度分析——以郑州市小麦玉米为例

小波分析的时域局部变化特征可展现气候序列的精细结构,能够揭示不同时间尺度气候序列所隐含的不同变化规律,是进行时域分析的有力工具。论文以郑州市小麦、玉米生育期间的光热水农业气候资源分析为例,用Morlet小波变换法对其进行多时间尺度变化特征及演变规律分析。结果表明:郑州小麦、玉米生育期间的光热水气候要素具有不同的年际及年代际时间尺度周期变化规律和转换特征;小波变换能很好地揭示农业气候资源变化所包含的周期分量;其气候变化特征与全球气候变化趋势相比,有其一致性,也有其局地特殊性。     

限期治理法律制度若干问题研究

以环境管理法律制度的可适用性和可操作性为立足点,从制度完善和创新的角度出发,对现行限期治理制度中存在的法律问题和现实障碍进行了系统的分析和论证.同时,结合实际工作,针对性地提出立法建议,通过将限期治理权限赋予环保部门,进一步明确限期治理的条件,完善限期治理的程序和形式,规定限期治理期间排污单位应承担的义务,以促进限期治理制度功能的发挥,提高环境管理能力.      

蜂窝陶瓷固定化细胞气升式内循环生物反应器的水力学特性

在鼓泡塔式 (BubbleColumns ,BC)和气升式循环 (AirliftLoop ,AL)生物反应器基础上 ,于内循环管中加装蜂窝陶瓷载体 ,开发出蜂窝陶瓷固定化细胞的气升式内循环生物反应器 (Internal Airlift Loop Bioreactor with Cells Immobilized onto Ceramic Honeycomb Support,IALBR-CICHS) .采用示踪技术通过测定反应器的水力停留时间分布来考察上述 3种反应器的有效工作体积和反应器内走旁路流体的比例 .实验和理论分析表明 ,IALBR-CICHS可大大提高反应器的有效工作体积 ,减少流体走旁路的比例 .     

基于20 L球罐的多相混合物扩散模拟

为更好地探索多相混合物的爆炸特性，以铝粉、乙醚、空气为研究对象，基于20 L球型爆炸罐建立三维计算模型，对气固两相和气液固三相混合物的分散过程进行数值模拟，以分析不同多相混合物分散过程的差异，并为测量多相混合物爆炸下限时的点火延迟时间设定提供参考。监测分析铝粉浓度粒子分布、流场内部湍流动能以及液相体积百分数等的演化过程，讨论混合物分散效果的差异，并确定测量爆炸下限的点火延迟时间。研究结果表明:实验工况下，液相的存在会降低粉尘云团的湍流动能、降低其扩散速度，并使粉尘云内部浓度更均匀。测量多相混合物爆炸下限时，三相混合物的最佳点火延迟时间早于气固两相混合物10~20 ms。     

Internal and External Factors Influencing Time-Related Injury Risk in Continuous Shift Work

Time-related accident risk in shift work may be attributed to internal factors, such as fatigue, level of performance, sleep propensity, and to some external factors, like shift system, physical and social environment. Six hundred and sixty-eight events in the metallurgical industry have been analysed in terms of time of day, time on task, consecutive day of the shift block, day of the week, and season.

The injury rate was similar on all shifts but more severe accidents happened in the nighttime. Somewhat more injuries occurred in the second half of the shift, in the second part of a shift block, and in summer compared with winter. There were fewer injuries at weekends.     

单洞双线铁路隧道火灾人员疏散安全性分析

为了分析单洞双线铁路隧道火灾人员疏散安全性，基于单洞双线铁路隧道结构特点，分析不同火灾场景下人员疏散模式，利用火灾动力学模拟软件FDS，建立隧道火灾模型，分别研究火源位于车头和列车中部车厢内时可用安全疏散时间。利用Pathfinder软件，模拟人员折返路线与不同疏散口间距下人员疏散过程，分析必需安全疏散时间及其影响因素。研究结果表明:隧道发生火灾时，人员可用安全疏散时间与火源位置有关，必需安全疏散时间受疏散总人数、疏散口选择、疏散口间距等因素影响很大。在设计隧道疏散系统时，可通过减小疏散口间距和设置明显的疏散设施指示标识，减少人员疏散所用时间。     

Use of residence time distribution for evaluation of gaseous pollutant volatilization from stored swine manure

Abstract

A quantification analysis for evaluation of gaseous pollutant volatilization as a result of mass transfer from stored swine manure is presented from the viewpoint of residence time distribution. The method is based on evaluating the moments of concentration vs. time curves of both air and gaseous pollutants. The concept of moments of concentration histories is applicable to characterize the dispersal of the supplied air or gaseous pollutant in a ventilated system. The mean age or residence time of airflow can be calculated from an inverse system state matrix [B]‐1 of a linear dynamic equation describing the dynamics of gaseous pollutant in a ventilated airspace. The sum elements in an arbitrary row i in matrix [B]‐1 is equal to the mean age of airflow in airspace i. The mean age of gaseous pollutant in airspace i can be obtained from the area under the concentration profile divided by the equilibrium concentration reading in that space caused by gaseous pollutant sources. Matrix [B]‐1 can also be represented in terms of the inverse local airflow rate matrix ([W]‐1), transition probability matrix ([P]), and air volume matrix ([V]) as, [B]‐1 =[W]‐1[P][V]. Finally the mean age of airflow in a ventilated airspace can be interpreted by the physical characteristics of matrices [W] and [P]. The practical use of the concepts is also applied in a typical pig unit.     

Could we remain simply applying discount rate to evaluate the life quality of our future generations?

When we try to estimate future environmental costs resulting from our current economic activities,we usually calculate the present value of the consequences for our future generations by utilizing a discount rate as a standard economic procedure.The popularity of this procedure is solely supported by its simplicity which assumes:(1)a perfect financial market over even 100 years,and(2)existence of a stable time preference between two consecutive periods for an individual consumer.An apparent deficiency of this approach is that the present value of life quality of future generations varies to a large extent along an arbitrarily chosen discount rate.As a matter of fact,the discount rate,which could reflect the time preference as2%or 5%,matters when we predict current strategies of environmental protection for future generations.Simply applying a discount rate to evaluate the quality of our future generation,without clarifying the actual production mechanism behind this,is almost to the same as ignoring the fact that all of the goods are produced through an actual production process and that environmental degradation reduces the efficiency of that process.The greatest concern for our future generations should not be given by an assumed discount rate,since the discount rate itself is determined by financial market conditions at certain points in time.