粪大肠菌群快速测定——纸片法的应用

采集苏州具有代表性的地表水水体22个点位的样品,进行粪大肠菌群的测定方法比较,结果表明,《粪大肠菌群快速测定--纸片法》适于测定受粪便污染程度较轻的湖泊水体.但是,该方法的培养时间对阳性管率有明显影响,认为16 h～18 h是比较理想的培养时间.     

老山自行车馆多点输入下地震响应及强度破坏分析

采用时程分析法分别对奥运会老山自行车馆进行了多点和一致输入下的弹塑性地震响应和强度破坏分析。首先对两种输入方式下的结构响应进行了系统的对比,然后通过对极限加速度峰值、最大节点位移时程、塑性杆件数量和分布及网壳破坏形态等重要参数的统计、分析和归纳,剖析了奥运会老山自行车馆在多点输入和一致输入下的地震响应规律和强度破坏机理。研究表明,在强震作用下,多点输入下支承附近区域的杆件应力大于一致输入,这提示我们应注意该区域杆件的设计;无论是多点输入还是一致输入,结构强度破坏的位移模式都是溢出型;多点输入下结构的塑性开展更为充分,内力更为均匀。     

改进地渗系统处理分散生活污水启动周期的研究

对传统型的地下渗滤系统进行了改进,建立了一套新型的地下渗滤试验装置.采用两种不同的进出水方式对此渗滤系统的启动周期进行了比较试验,结果表明:在进水CODCr为250～400 mg/L、氨氮为70～lOO mg/L时,初期采用间歇进水的方式可使启动周期缩短为18 d;稳定运行时HRT为6 h,COD去除率可达79%以上.此研究为新型地渗系统的设计提供了思路.     

不同泥龄下活性污泥絮体性状的研究

采用序批式反应器对不同泥龄下污泥絮体的化学性状(胞外聚合物成分及含量)、物理性状(表面电荷)、形态性状(粒度分布、分形维数)等进行了对比研究.结果表明:泥龄对胞外聚合物总量及各组分含量的影响规律并不明显;多糖/蛋白质愈大,污泥絮体表面电负性愈强;污泥絮体的平均粒径随泥龄的延长呈逐渐减小的趋势,且粒度分布愈来愈均匀;不同泥龄下,污泥絮体形态结构亦不相同,泥龄短时,絮体表面粗糙,结构开放疏松;泥龄长时,絮体表面平滑,结构紧凑;随着泥龄的增大,絮体分形维数逐渐增加.由于不同泥龄下所表现出的污泥絮体性状的差异,直接影响了污泥的絮凝和沉降性能.     

The effect of migration on the viability,dynamics and structure of two coexisting metapopulations

Two species of butterflies, Euphydryas aurinia and Melitaea phoebe, coexist as two metapopulations in a 38-patch network in Hebei Province, China. A Markovian model, whose transition matrix is the product of two matrices which represent the local extinction and recolonization process respectively, is used to describe the metapopulation dynamics. The application of this model to the metapopulation, consisting of 12 local populations in the northern subregion, shows that the expected life times of E. aurinia and M. phoebe are 160 and 121 years respectively and usually nearly half of the patches are occupied by E. aurinia, while only 1–3 patches are occupied by M. phoebe. We claim that E. aurinia can persist for a long time while M. phoebe faces relatively big extinction risk. By comparing the population dynamics with and without migration, we find M. phoebe benefits much more from migration than E. aurinia. Most patches are occupied mainly by local populations for E. aurinia, while by immigrants from the 8th patch for M. phoebe, meaning that E. aurinia has a classical metapopulation structure while M. phoebe has a source–sink metapopulation structure.     

Experimental investigation of bubbly flow and turbulence in hydraulic jumps

Many environmental problems are linked to multiphase flows encompassing ecological issues, chemical processes and mixing or diffusion, with applications in different engineering fields. The transition from a supercritical flow to a subcritical motion constitutes a hydraulic jump. This flow regime is characterised by strong interactions between turbulence, free surface and air–water mixing. Although a hydraulic jump contributes to some dissipation of the flow kinetic energy, it is also associated with increases of turbulent shear stresses and the development of turbulent eddies with implications in terms of scour, erosion and sediment transport. Despite a number of experimental, theoretical and numerical studies, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the physical mechanisms involved in the diffusion and air–water mixing processes within hydraulic jumps, as well as on the interaction between the free-surface and turbulence. New experimental investigations were undertaken in hydraulic jumps with Froude numbers up to Fr = 8.3. Two-phase flow measurements were performed with phase-detection conductivity probes. Basic results related to the distributions of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length are presented. New developments are discussed for the interfacial bubble velocities and their fluctuations, characterizing the turbulence level and integral time scales of turbulence representing a “lifetime” of the longitudinal bubbly flow structures. The analyses show good agreement with previous studies in terms of the vertical profiles of void fraction, bubble frequency and mean bubble chord length. The dimensionless distributions of interfacial velocities compared favourably with wall-jet equations. Measurements showed high turbulence levels. Turbulence time scales were found to be dependent on the distance downstream of the toe as well as on the distance to the bottom showing the importance of the lower (channel bed) and upper (free surface) boundary conditions on the turbulence structure.     

POLYNOMIAL-BASED DISAGGREGATION OF HOURLY RAINFALL FOR CONTINUOUS HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION1

Hydrologic modeling of urban watersheds for designs and analyses of stormwater conveyance facilities can be performed in either an event-based or continuous fashion. Continuou simulation requires, among other things, the use of a time series of rainfall amounts. However, for urban drainage basins, which are typically small, the temporal resolution of the rainfall time series must be quite fine, and often on the order of 5 to 15 minutes. This poses a significant challenge because rainfall-gauging records are usually kept only for hourly or longer time steps. The time step sizes in stochastic rainfall generators are usually also too large for application to urban runoff modeling situations. Thus, there is a need for methods by which hourly rainfall amounts can be disaggregated to shorter time intervals. This paper presents and compares a number of approaches to this problem, which are based on the use of polynomial approximating functions. Results of these evaluations indicate that a desegregation method presented by Ormsbee (1989) is a relatively good performer when storm durations are short (2 hours), and that a quadratic spline-based approach is a good choice for longer-duration storms. Based on these results, the Ormsbee technique is recommended because it provides good performance, and can be applied easily to long time series of precipitation records. The quadratic spline-based approach is recommended as a close second choice because it performed the best most consistently, but remains more difficult to apply than the Ormsbee technique. Results of this study also indicate that, on average, all of the disaggregation methods evaluated introduce a severe negative bias into maximum rainfall intensities. This is cause for some well-justified concern, as the characteristics of runoff hydrographs are quite sensitive to maximum storm intensities. Thus, there is a need to continue the search for simple yet effective hourly rainfall disaggregation methods.     

膜-生物反应器运行条件对膜过滤特性的影响

试验采用膜抽吸压力的上升速率表征运行过程中膜过滤性能的变化。正交试验结果表明,缩短抽吸时间或延长暂停时间和增加曝气量均有利于减缓膜污染,但过短的抽吸时间、过长的暂停时间和过大曝气量不能进一步地减轻膜污染,因此应在保证一定产水量的前提下确定适宜的抽、停时间和曝气量。在污泥龄４０ｄ,污泥浓度稳定在５ｇ／Ｌ左右的条件下,最佳组合操作条件为抽吸１０ｍｉｎ,停抽５ｍｉｎ,曝气量４ｍ＾３／ｈ。３个因素中抽吸时     

生物膜反应器连续处理餐饮废水

用生物膜反应器连续处理餐水能有效降低废水中的ＢＯＤ及ＣＯＤ浓度。研究了水力停留时间对有机物去除率的影响,结果表明当水力停留时间大于７．８ｈ时,废水的ＣＯＤ,ＢＯＤ及ＴＳＳ的去除率均高于９０％。实验操作时,水力停留时间应略大于５．７ｈ。     

广元市城区颗粒物时空分布研究

本文以 1995～ 1999年大气颗粒物数据为依据 ,提出了广元市城区大气中颗粒物的时空分布规律和成因分析 ,并对防治对策进行了探讨。