Degradation mechanism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in supercritical water oxidation

The 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)is a potential carcinogens and TNT contaminated wastewater,which could not be effectively disposed with conventional treatments.The supercritical water oxidation(SCWO)to treat TNT contaminated wastewater was studied in this article.The TNT concentration in wastewater was measured by high-performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC)and the degraded intermediates were analyzed using GC-MS.The results showed that SCWO could degrade TNT efficiently in the presence of oxygen.The reaction temperature,pressure,residence time and oxygen excess were the main contributing factors in the process.The decomposition of TNT was accelerated as the temperature or residence time increased.At 550℃,24 MPa,120 s and oxygen excess 300%,TNT removal rate could exceed 99.9%.Partial oxidation occured in SCWO without oxygen.It was concluded that supercritical water was a good solvent and had excellent oxidation capability in the existence of oxygen.The main intermediates of TNT during SCWO included toluene,1,3,5-trinitrobenzene,nitrophenol,naphthalene,fluorenone,dibutyl phthalate,alkanes and several dimers based on the intermediate analysis.Some side reactions,such as coupled reaction,hydrolysis reaction and isomerization reaction may take place simultaneously when TNT was oxidized by SCWO.     

冠醚涂层压电石英晶体传感器对甲苯、二甲苯的检测研究

根据冠醚化合物的结构特点和主－客体分子适应原理以及选择性吸附中性分子的特性,本文首次选用冠醚作为压电晶体传感器的敏感涂层,对甲苯和二甲苯进行检测研究,显著出良好的吸附可逆性和较高的灵敏度,稳定性、重现性好,线性响应较宽,对石油裂解气中低子烃类及低浓度的ＣＯ２、ＳＯ２和ＮＨ３都不产生干扰作用。     

2种催化剂在甲苯燃烧反应中的催化性能

利用甲苯有机废气为指标反应,在常压连续流动反应装置上研究了贵金属和非贵金属峰窝陶瓷整体催化剂的催化性能。考察了甲苯浓度、氧含量、反应空速及床层线速度对催化剂的影响及其耐高温,表面不同条件下贵金属催化剂均优于非贵金属催化剂,催化剂经６００℃处理３ｈ后,非贵金属催化剂上甲苯有机废气的起燃温度比贵金属催化剂高５０℃,当催化剂经９００℃处理３ｈ后,甲苯有机废气在贵金属催化剂上的起燃温度与６００℃处理催化剂     

脉冲电晕法治理甲苯废气实验研究

有机废气的污染日益受到重视,现有的控制技术尚不完善。采用脉冲电晕法对去除甲苯模拟废气进行了实验研究,考察了反应器结构、脉冲电压峰值、气体浓度、停留时间和水汽含量等不同因素对去除率的影响。实验结果表明本法能达到较好的去除效果,在线 筒式反应器的最高去除率为35％,在线 板式反应器的最高去除率达81％,反应后的最终产物为CO、CO₂和H₂O。     

生物过滤塔降解挥发性有机物动力学模型

提出了挥发性有机物(VOCs)生物降解新机理——吸附传递生物降解机理,建立了模型动力学方程,选择活性炭为滤料,以甲苯为VOCs代表,求取模型参数,获得了VOCs生物降解经验方程,并验证了模型的正确性。      

不同催化剂在等离子体空气净化器中的应用

实验证明利用等离子体技术去除室内空气中的挥发性有机物,在合适的流量和较高的放电电压下,可以达到90%以上的去除效果。但是如果对其产生的臭氧、CO等气体不加以处理,会对室内空气造成二次污染。本研究以等离子体技术净化室内空气后产生的尾气为研究对象,考察利用催化转化技术去除这类尾气的效果,并探讨合适的后置催化剂和催化温度。     

高流量负荷下甲苯废气生物净化过程的动力学模拟研究

以轻质陶块为填料,探讨了生物膜填料塔净化处理高流量负荷下低浓度甲苯废气的生物净化过程,并依据“吸附一生物膜”理论建立相关的动力学模型。经采用实验室数据对影响过程进行模拟,对比验证结果,表明该模型的模拟计算值和实验值之间均有很好的拟合性,从而验证了模型的正确性。     

Characterization of products from photooxidation of toluene

Photooxidation reaction of toluene in smog chamber systems was initiated by the UV radiation of tolucne/CH5ONO/NOx mixtures. The products of the photooxidation reaction of toluene and its subsequent reactions were analyzed directly utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectrometer （FTIR）. Detailed assignments to FTIR spectrum of gas-phase products were given. The information of some important functional groups in the products, such as, carbonyl groups （C-O）, hydroxyl groups （-OH）, carboxylic acid （- COOH）, C-C bonding, N O bonding and C-H bonding （C H）, was got from this analysis. These results were compared to those analyzed by aerosol time of flight mass spectrometer （ATOFMS）. It was found that there are some differcnccs between FTIR analysis of gas-phase products and that of particle-phase, for example, the products with carbonyl groups, which were connected to unsaturated chemical bonds, was relatively higher in the gas phase, while kctoncs, aldehydes, carboxylic acid and organonitrates were the dominant functional groups in the aerosol-phase reaction products. The possible reaction pathways of some important products in the gas phase were also discussed.     

Organic Liquids Storage Tanks Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCS) Emissions Dispersion and Risk Assessment in Developing Countries: The Case of Dar-Es-Salaam City, Tanzania

The emission estimation of nine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from eight organic liquids storage tanks companies in Dar-es-Salaam City Tanzania has been done by using US EPA standard regulatory storage tanks emission model (TANKS 4.9b). Total VOCs atmospheric emission has been established to be 853.20 metric tones/yr. It has been established further that petrol storage tanks contribute about 87% of total VOCs emitted, while tanks for other refined products and crude oil were emitting 10% and 3% of VOCs respectively. Of the eight sources (companies), the highest emission value from a single source was 233,222.94 kg/yr and the lowest single source emission value was 6881.87 kg/yr. The total VOCs emissions estimated for each of the eight sources were found to be higher than the standard level of 40,000 kg/yr per source for minor source according to US EPA except for two sources, which were emitting VOCs below the standard level. The annual emissions per single source for each of the VOCs were found to be below the US EPA emissions standard which is 2,000~kg/yr in all companies except the emission of hexane from company F1 which was slightly higher than the standard. The type of tanks used seems to significantly influence the emission rate. Vertical fixed roof tanks (VFRT) emit a lot more than externally floating roof tanks (EFRT) and internally floating roof tanks (IFRT). The use of IFRT and EFRT should be encouraged especially for storage of petrol which had highest atmospheric emission contribution. Model predicted atmospheric emissions are less than annual losses measured by companies in all the eight sources. It is possible that there are other routes for losses beside atmospheric emissions. It is therefore important that waste reduction efforts in these companies are directed not only to reducing atmospheric emissions, but also prevention of the spillage and leakage of stored liquid and curbing of the frequently reported illegal siphoning of stored products. Emission rates for benzene, toluene, and xylene were used as input to CALPUFF air dispersion model for the calculation of spatial downwind concentrations from area sources. By using global positioning system (GPS) and geographical information system (GIS) the spatial benzene concentration contributed by organic liquid storage tanks has been mapped for Dar-es-Salaam City. Highest concentrations for all the three toxic pollutants were observed at Kigamboni area, possibly because the area is located at the wind prevailing direction from the locations of the storage tanks. The model predicted concentrations downwind from the sources were below tolerable concentrations by WHO and US-OSHA. The highest 24 hrs averaging time benzene concentration was used for risk assessment in order to determine maximum carcinogenic risk amongst the population exposed at downwind. Established risk for adult and children at 2.9×10^-3 and 1.9×10^-3 respectively, are higher than the acceptable US-EPA risk of 1×10^-6. It is very likely that the actual VOCs concentrations in some urban areas in Tanzania including Dar-es-Salaam City are much higher than the levels reported in this study when other sources such as petrol stations and motor vehicles on the roads are considered. Tanzania Government therefore need to put in place: an air quality policy and legislation, establish air quality guidelines and acquire facilities which will enable the implementation of air quality monitoring and management programmes.     

生物膜法净化甲苯二甲苯混合废气的研究

在生物滴滤器中对低质量浓度甲苯、二甲苯混合废气的净化性能进行试验研究。结果表明:甲苯、二甲苯的净化率均随入口浓度增加而降低,同样条件下二甲苯净化率明显低于甲苯;单负荷进气且气体流量为200L/h时,甲苯最大生化降解量为79.5g/(m3.h),二甲苯最大生化降解量为47.5g/(m3.h);多负荷进气由于竞争抑制作用导致两者净化程度均有所降低。维持甲苯、二甲苯质量浓度不变,两种废气的净化率η均随气量的增加而减少;在气量为260L/h时,两种化合物生化降解量均达到最大值,适宜停留时间为119s。