基于CVM的旅游相关资源价值评估总体范围扩展方法研究

条件价值评估法(CVM)是旅游相关资源价值评估的重要方法,其评估结果的准确性主要由支付意愿(WTP)或补偿意愿(WTA)和总体范围扩展两者决定。目前,国内外关于CVM方法的相关研究主要是针对提高WTP(或WTA)的准确性,而关于总体范围扩展方法的相关研究较少。国外旅游相关资源价值评估总体范围主要扩展为使用者,或资源所在区域的家庭,或资源所在邻近区域的家庭;国内主要扩展为使用者,或资源所在区域的居民,或资源所在区域的就业者,或全国范围的相关居民或就业者;这些总体范围扩展方法均存在一些缺陷。论文以调查样本信息为依据,提出了一种基于旅游相关资源关注度系数(用出游小区相对旅游率表示)的非使用者总体范围扩展方法和基于游客量的使用者总体范围扩展方法,并以舟山普陀金三角景区非使用价值评估为例,以2008年为评价基准年份,进行了实证分析。结果表明:普陀金三角旅游资源非使用价值为345.83×10⁶元/a,其中非使用者贡献159.21×10⁶元/a,国内使用者贡献184.17×10⁶元/a,国外使用者贡献2.45×10⁶元/a。并与国内外各种总体范围扩展计算的结果进行对比,该结果较为合理。     

日本琵琶湖的治理历程、效果与经验

以琵琶湖富营养化综合治理历程为主线,对琵琶湖30余年的治理过程、资金投入、治理措施、成功经验与成果进行了梳理. 截至2006年,琵琶湖综合整治历时35a,总投资约2.86×1012日元(约相当于1800×108元人民币),参照我国GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》,目前琵琶湖北湖水质维持在Ⅰ类水平,南湖由Ⅲ～Ⅳ类水恢复到I～Ⅱ类水质. 琵琶湖的治理分为2个阶段:第一阶段为1972—1997年,历时25a,这一阶段在琵琶湖水资源有效利用及防洪防灾上取得很大成就,但水质与环境仍在恶化; 1999年至今为第二阶段,主要目标是水质保护、水源涵养及自然环境与景观保护,目前琵琶湖富营养化已得到有效控制. 琵琶湖采取的综合治理措施主要包括依法治湖、中长期综合治理规划、流域污染源系统控制、自动监测系统及专门研究机构建立以及公众参与等5个方面. 主要治理经验包括:①严格控制氮、磷污染源,管网及大型污水处理设施建设着眼于未来长远规划,污水处理深度除磷脱氮技术的普及是污染源系统控制的关键;②大力提高森林覆盖率以减少面源污染的产生,改善水源涵养及流域生境;③切实做到有法必依、执法必严,实现依法治湖;④高度重视环境教育及公众参与;⑤积极推动各科研机构对环境问题的研究.      

我国旅游安全预警体系的构建研究

指出我国应建立分区域、分层次且体系深入的旅游安全预警体系,其预警结构包括突发事件预警、环境污染预警、旅游容量预警和旅游业务预警等4个模块。提出建立由外交部和国家旅游局相互协作的出境旅游预警机制,建立由国家旅游局作为信息发布主体的全国性和区域性旅游预警机制,建立由省级旅游主管部门进行信息发布的区域内旅游预警机制,并可在省级行政区域之间建立相互间的旅游安全风险预警机制。     

Time trends and predictive factors for safety perceptions among incoming South Australian university students

Problem

Young workers are over-represented in injury statistics. In order to develop injury prevention strategies, this study investigated time trends and predictive factors relating to safety skills, confidence, and attitudes.

Method

Annual surveys were conducted from 2006-2009 among incoming students at the University of Adelaide. The questions addressed safety training, injury experience, and health and safety perceptions.

Results

Time trends in training, perceived safety skills, confidence, and attitudes were not significant. In terms of skills and confidence, the most important correlate was safety training outside of high school (odds ratio = 1.6), especially when repeated, assessed, or in face to face mode. Feeling strongly about safety issues was best predicted by injury experience (OR = 1.7) and gender.

Discussion

These results emphasize the value of assessed training, but they are also consistent with published U.S. data, indicating no improvement over time. It is suggested that there be a more integrated approach in safety education, involving schools and workplaces.

Impact on industry

By developing an understanding of student safety perceptions and experiences, this research aims to target strategies to reduce the excess injury rate for young workers. Workplaces should be more aware of the limitations of school-based safety education and a more integrated and evidence-based approach should be developed, involving schools and workplaces.     

对生态旅游开发热的思考

针对目前社会上生态旅游开发热的现象,作者通过分析其生产的外在和内在因素,指出这种现象背后潜在的对社会环境的正在效应和负作用,进而提出生态旅游的可开发管理对策。     

森林生态旅游区网络分析及服务设施选址研究——以河北省太行山区森林旅游区为例

森林生态旅游是生态旅游的重要形式。作者运用网络测度指标对河北省太行山区一森林生态旅游区内的景区网络结构进行了定量分析,并选用中位点法对景区内服务设施选址问题进行了探索性研究。     

浅论我国商务旅游开发

从对商务旅游的认识入手 ,分析了国际、国内商务旅游市场的前景及发展商务旅游的条件 ,探讨了我国商务旅游发展的现状与不足 ,进而提出了开发我国商务旅游的参考性建议。     

旅游和环境污染对广州城市公园森林植物和土壤的影响

研究了旅游和环境污染对广州城市公园森林群落土壤理化性质、植物种类多样性、群落结构和演替以及环境质量的影响.结果表明,由于旅游干扰,城市公园森林土壤的容重增加,而表土的物理性黏粒（＜0.01mm）、有机质和总氮含量降低.植物种类数目及多样性也随旅游强度的增加而降低.由于人为干扰,群落的结构变得简单,群落演替缓慢或停止.此外,环境污染也影响着城市公园植被,公园内植物叶中的硫和重金属含量明显高于远离污染源的中山大学校园树叶中的硫和重金属含量．     

The impacts of tourism on the environment of Mussoorie, Garhwal Himalaya, India

Mussoorie, a hill resort in the Garhwal Himalaya reveals the changing trends and impacts of tourist activity on its environment. This study was carried out during 1993–1994 and it showed that while Mussoorie had a permanent residential population of 25400 during the winter months, in the peak tourist season of May and June the population exceeded 200000 per month. Because of this huge influx of tourists the demand for lodges/hotels and other related infra-structure and super-structure facilities and amenities in the area was enormous, and it imposed a great stress on the natural environment.The data collected showed that from 1958 to 1988 the number of tourists had increased gradually but that from 1989 tourism in the town escalated following the political disturbances in the Kashmir Valley. The main purpose of the tourism was recreation (80%). It was recorded that the greatest number (60%) of the tourists were middle aged, 53% of the tourists worked in professional services. The majority of the tourists preferred to use the indigenous hotels and about 96% of the tourists used a private vehicle rather than public transport.The installation of modern tourist related facilities and infra-structure has led to the aesthetic degradation of the landscape. Tourist facility development is often disorderly and scattered. To reduce the traffic to Mussoorie town it is suggested that some nearby places like Dhanolti and Park estate should be developed for tourism.     

Managing Endangered Species Within the Use–Preservation Paradox: The Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) as a Tourism Attraction

A significant challenge to wildlife managers in tourism settings is to provide visitors with opportunities to observe rare and endangered wildlife while simultaneously protecting the target species from deleterious impacts. Nearly 100,000 people annually visit Crystal River, Florida, USA to observe and swim with the Florida manatee, an endangered species. This research aimed to investigate and describe human-manatee interactions in a tourism context, to understand the salient issues related to such interactions as identified by stakeholders, and to recommend a course of action to address multiple interests in the planning and management of human-manatee interactions. Five issues were identified by all stakeholder groups: water quality, harassment, density and crowding, education, and enforcement. Currently, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which is responsible for manatee management, does not have mechanisms in place to manage the tourism component of the manatee encounter. Although a regulatory approach can be taken, a better approach would be to create an organization of tour operators to establish "best practices" that reflect the goal of the managing agency to enhance manatee protection (and thus ensure their livelihood) and to enhance the visitor experience.