Tropical arboreal ant mosaics: innate attraction and imprinting determine nest site selection in dominant ants

The modalities of nest site selection have, until now, been a key factor missing in the understanding of the arboreal ant mosaic, the manipulation of which could be used to favour one ant species to the detriment of others in biological control. We compared two dominant African arboreal ants of economic importance, Tetramorium aculeatum (Myrmicinae) and Oecophylla longinoda (Formicinae). The two species differed in terms of innate attraction to nesting site plants, their hierarchies of attractiveness being nearly inverse. Winged females and workers were confronted with choice tests using four plant species. By using winged females and workers originating from one of the plants to be tested, we showed the existence of a familiarisation process which can supersede innate attraction in both species. We recorded the same effect in neonatal workers bred in the laboratory in contact with a tested plant for 25 days after emergence, while mature workers could not be conditioned. There is, therefore, early learning, with a sensitive period after which the influence of the environment ceases, suggesting that this is a true imprinting process. Choice tests using neonates produced from larvae and pupae bred in the laboratory in contact with the leaves of each tested plant permitted us to demonstrate the existence of pre-imaginal learning. Nest site selection therefore depends on innate selective attraction and on environmental factors whose effect begins at the larval stage. There is, therefore, the potential to “control” imprinting, allowing one ant species to be favoured to the detriment of others in monospecific tree crop plantations. Received: 25 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 9 October 1998     

开拓跨世纪的三峡旅游客源市场

根据近年国家旅游局对三峡旅游市场的统计资料分析 ,研究了三峡骤热骤冷的旅游局面形成的原因 ,提出了重新复苏三峡旅游热点市场的建议。     

海南省福报农场旅游资源的开发与规划

海南省福报农场沙河旅游区以河谷山岳型自然风光为主体格架,构成了多姿多态的景观类型。景点集中而丰富,且以其幽、秀、奇、秘、特形成与海南区域整体旅游资源结构的迥异特色,具有较高的美学价值和良好的区位条件。在开发中以“福报芒果”为拳头产品,树立本区的旅游产品形象;以经济开发为导向,采取游览、购物、经贸、度假相协调的综合开发模式,从而获得经济、环境和社会的平衡发展     

川南旅游资源的综合评价

本文利用特尔菲法和层次分析法,对川南旅游区９５个景点进行了定量分析,建立了川南旅游资源综合评价模型和基层因子评估标准。     

生态旅游与生态旅游业开发

从生态旅游的定义入手,探讨了开展生态旅游的意义、生态旅游的类型。阐述了生态旅游的项目建设、能源系统建设、交通设施建设、农业系统建设。提出了生态旅游区环境保护的对策     

历史文化名城的旅游开发

历史文化名城的旅游规划具有重要的宏观指导意义,要围绕历史文化遗存进行旅游系统建设、利用历史街区、历史路段进行旅游线路设计。旅游管理应以保护为主,综合协调,利用旅游感知形象,重点突出、层次分明地进行旅游营销。     

湖北省旅游景区大气负氧离子浓度分布特征以及气象条件的影响

通过利用湖北省气象服务中心在全省27个旅游景区内建设的30个大气负氧离子自动监测站数据,对湖北省旅游景区大气负氧离子浓度分布特征及气象条件对负氧离子浓度的影响进行了分析。研究表明：湖北省旅游景区的大气负氧离子资源十分丰富,西部山区高于东部平原地区,整体呈现从东向西、从北向南逐渐增加的趋势,鄂西南地区为全省大气负氧离子最为丰富的地区,负氧离子浓度夏季最高,冬季最低,秋季略大于春季。从3月开始,负氧离子浓度逐月增加,至8月达到最大值,后又逐渐减小。凌晨和上午的负氧离子浓度要大于下午和晚上,夜间呈逐渐上升的趋势。大气负氧离子浓度晴天最大,阴天小于晴天,而雾霾天和小雨天负氧离子浓度均较小;中雨以上降水、闪电活动与负氧离子浓度呈正相关。     

Transport infrastructures,environment impacts and tourists' welfare: a choice experiment to elicit tourist preferences in Siena–Italy

Transport infrastructures have been investigated as drivers of tourist demand. Specific attention has been devoted to air transport infrastructure and services. However, the literature on this issue is scanty. Moreover, few studies focus on ex-ante valuation of tourists' preferences for mobility systems. This study contributes to this literature by presenting a case study on the re-organization of the mobility system to access the city of Siena, Italy. A choice experiment is carried out to elicit tourists' preferences for distance, time, cost, travel mode, along with the environmental impact of infrastructure. The latter factor turns out to be particularly relevant in explaining tourists' choices and welfare. Furthermore, the results appear to be robust and not significantly dependent on design settings (specifically the number of alternatives). While these results only refer to a single case study, they seem to suggest that new transportation facilities do not necessarily cause an increase in tourism flows.     

Effect of host and larval frass volatiles on behavioural response of the old house borer,Hylotrupes bajulus (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in a wind tunnel bioassay

Summary. In a wind tunnel bioassay the effect of three concentrations of natural extracts of (1) Scots pine wood, Pinus sylvestris, and (2) larval frass on the behavioural response of unmated females and males of the old house borer, Hylotrupes bajulus, was tested and compared to the behavioural effects of the male-produced sex pheromone (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-hexanone. The influence on the behaviour of both sexes was found to be equally significant for the two higher concentrated hexane extracts of wood and larval frass. Therefore several synthetic monoterpenes present in the extracts and ethanol were tested at the two higher concentrations (1:100, 1:1000 vol/vol). Among the higher concentrated monoterpenoid hydrocarbons [(+)-α-pinene, (+)-β-pinene, (+)-limonene], only α-pinene increased the activity, orientation towards scent source and interest towards conspecifics. The tests with higher concentrated ethanol and the oxygenated monoterpenes [(-)-verbenone, (-)-trans-pinocarveol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, (+)-α-terpineol, (-)-myrtenol] revealed that verbenone is the most effective stimulant for the females, followed by trans-pinocarveol, terpinen-4-ol and α-terpineol. For males, terpinen-4-ol was the only mediator significantly inducing attraction and orientation towards the scent source combined with an interest in conspecifics apparent by fighting or courtship behaviour. Males did not respond to verbenone which is a main compound of larval frass. Myrtenol and ethanol were ineffective in both sexes. In fact behavioural observations suggest that the beetles were repelled by the high dose of myrtenol. Using the ten-fold lower dose of the synthetic monoterpenes (1:1000 vol/vol), all semiochemicals except myrtenol lost activity. Myrtenol, however, induced behavioural responses, like increased activity and orientation towards scent source, only at the low concentration. Based on the results, primary attraction of unmated old house borer is probably mediated by monoterpenes of coniferous wood, while secondary attraction to infested wood would occur in response to volatiles of larval frass. Received 5 May 1999; accepted 30 September 1999     

民族村寨游客的旅游体验质量研究——以西双版纳傣族园为例

目前国内对旅游体验和体验旅游的研究大多停留在理论研究层面。针对这一情况,以西双版纳傣族园游客为对象进行了实地问卷调查,采用社会统计学基本原理探索性地对游客的旅游体验质量进行了定量评价。结果表明,加强民族村寨的个性化体验旅游产品开发和民族文化旅游资源保护对少数民族地区旅游业的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。