景观湖泊黑臭水体生态修复措施和效果——以武汉市金湖生态修复工程为例

为修复受到污染呈黑臭状态的金湖水体,建设金银湖国家湿地公园,在分析金湖水质、底质概况及黑臭水体成因的基础上,采取点源污染、面源污染、内源污染同步控制和边治理边修复的方法,在不进行大规模清淤、不扰动水体情况下建设湖滨缓冲带,对湖泊底质进行修复。结果表明：湖泊水质得到了明显改善,各项水质指标均低于《城市黑臭水体整治工作指南》中的轻度黑臭标准限值,修复后水质达到了地表水Ⅲ类标准;在中央环保督察组巡视反馈重点整治湖泊水质变化报告中被评为“好转”等级,实现了黑臭水体治理以及生态修复的目标。该治理修复案例可为城市内陆景观湖泊生态修复提供参考。     

澜沧江梯级水库对汞输运的影响

拦河筑坝对河流中汞的输运产生重要影响,但有关高海拔落差河流中汞的来源及输运特征的认识较为匮乏.以澜沧江为研究对象,监测了筑坝河段水体中汞浓度的年时空变化过程（2017—2018）,量化了梯级水库对汞沿程输运的影响.结果表明,澜沧江水体中汞浓度总体与径流的季节分配呈同步变化趋势,但在上下游因土地利用类型的差异而呈现相反的季节性变化特征.因水库的拦截,溶解态汞与总汞的比值沿程呈上升趋势,加之水库泄水量的沿程增加,共同导致了河流汞通量自上游至下游呈非连续累积的趋势,从144 kg·a^-1增加至788 kg·a^-1.相应地,梯级水库对汞的拦截率自上游至下游由88%逐渐降低至65%.该项研究丰富了对梯级水库中汞的补给和输运的认识.     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱-原子荧光光度法测定土壤和沉积物中烷基汞

本文将原子荧光光谱检测技术与吹扫捕集/气相色谱检测技术联用,结合优化的碱性法消解前处理技术,建立了碱性法消解-吹扫捕集/气相色谱-原子荧光光谱（PT-GC-AFS）联用技术测定土壤和沉积物中烷基汞含量的方法,能够在一次分析中同时获得样品中甲基汞和乙基汞的含量.本文分别用酸性法和碱性法处理了沉积物标准样品ERM-CC580、沉积物实际样品和土壤实际样品,重点比较了本方法提出的碱性法消解和使用率较高的酸性法消解两种前处理方式.采用本方法处理实际样品进行了色谱分离研究,对低浓度的实际土壤样品进行了检出限实验,用3种不同浓度的沉积物和3种不同浓度的土壤样品验证了精密度,对沉积物标准参考物质ERM-CC580进行了测定,并用两种实际土壤样品和两种实际沉积物样品进行了加标回收率试验.实验表明,碱性法消解精密度和准确度优于酸性法消解,且步骤少、耗时短,使用的试剂种类少、毒性小,方法稳定性高、可操作性强,适用于分析测试实验室大量土壤/沉积物样品的烷基汞测定.采用碱性法消解土壤/沉积物样品,目标物实现完全分离,甲基汞、乙基汞的线性相关系数分别为0.9999、1.0000,最低检出限分别为0.02 μg·kg^-1、0.10 μg·kg^-1（取样量为0.50 g）,样品分析甲基汞、乙基汞的RSD范围分别为1.0%-4.7%、2.5%-6.0%,加标回收率范围分别为85.1%-109%、90.3%-96.3%.     

十堰城区地表水-地下水水化学特征及硝酸盐来源

水体硝酸盐污染是世界性的环境问题,识别硝酸盐来源对保障水资源可持续利用具有重要意义. 利用多种水化学指标与硝酸盐氮氧同位素（δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-和δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-）对十堰水体水化学特征进行分析,识别水体中硝酸盐来源,并利用SIMMR模型计算水体硝酸盐不同污染来源的贡献率. 结果表明,研究区地表水及地下水的水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca·Mg型为主,水体中硝酸盐的形成主要受硝化作用影响,反硝化作用不明显. 水体中硝酸盐的主要来源为大气沉降、化肥、土壤氮、粪便和污水. SIMMR模型输出结果显示,粪便和污水、大气沉降、化肥和土壤氮对研究区地表水硝酸盐的贡献率分别为43.1%、2.2%、43.3%和11.4%,对地下水硝酸盐的贡献率分别为37.2%、9.4%、28.3%和25.1%,地表水硝酸盐的主要污染源是化肥、粪便和污水,地下水硝酸盐的主要污染源是粪便和污水.     

基于物化生化耦合的污水深度脱氮除磷新工艺

为了解决常规污水处理技术无法进行完整的硝化反硝化过程,污水厂出水中氨氮、总氮、总磷偏高以及运行成本较高的问题,以某污水厂排水为研究对象,通过物化与生化耦合,构建化学催化生物耦合床(CCBF)脱氮系统,研究CCBF系统对污水厂排水中氨氮、总氮、总磷和COD的去除效能。结果表明：当DO为5.5~6.0 mg·L⁻¹、RT为8 h、C/N为1.5∶1时,CCBF可将${rm{NH}}_4^{+} $-N从48.5 mg·L⁻¹降至4.58 mg·L⁻¹、TN从51.2 mg·L⁻¹降至6.5 mg·L⁻¹、TP从6.6 mg·L⁻¹降至0.48 mg·L⁻¹、COD从78.5 mg·L⁻¹降至33 mg·L⁻¹,去除率分别达到89.5%、85.7%、92.5%和57.9%;污水经处理后,氨氮、总氮、总磷、COD均达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB 18918-2002)一级A排放标准。利用Eckenfelder方程对系统脱氮过程进行模拟,求得${n_{{rm{NH}}_4^ +{text{-}} {rm{N}}}} $=0.314 76,n_TN=0.282 21,${K_{{rm{NH}}_4^ +{text{-}} {rm{N}}}} $=0.128 02,K_TN=0.218 59,与水力负荷为0.000 8~0.007 m³·(m²·min)⁻¹的常规生物处理相比,系统内部生物量充足、活性高,物化与生物耦合强化效果明显。     

几种果粮间作人工植物群落生物生产力的动态变化及其优化调控

为解决果粮间作经营的中后期常出现的作物减产和资源浪费的矛盾,有必要分析果粮人工植物群落中各生态元的时空变化过程,揭示果粮间作经营中矛盾的产生、发展乃至激化的过程,寻求合理的间作作物组合,并进行优化调控,在岷江上游干旱河谷区,选择处于不同经营阶段（３ａ,５ａ,１０ａ,１８ａ,２８ａ）而经营管理条件基本一致的的９种苹果与粮食作物间作模式,调查测定了每一模式各阶段的果树的生长及其苹果产量,各间作粮食作物的生物量、总生物量、作物固定的总能量及其光能利用率、经济产量和经济收入等指标,揭示了苹果和各粮食作物２８ａ内的生物生产力的动态变化及其特点,找到了果树不同经营阶段的合理间作物组合,提出了该区不同经营阶段的最佳模式类型．对果粮间作的作用、理论基础及优化调控指标及其不确定性等问题也进行了讨论     

Contradictory findings in studies of sex ratio variation in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)

Patterns of sex ratio variation and maternal investment reported in the literature are often inconsistent. This could be due to intra- and inter-specific variation in social systems, but may also be a result of the a posteriori nature of much of this type of analysis or the testing of models which are inappropriate. Two recent papers reported directly opposed results concerning variation in offspring sex ratios in relation to maternal condition in roe deer, interpreting the results as support for the Trivers and Willard model and for the local resource competition hypothesis, respectively. In this paper, we present data on offspring sex ratios and early juvenile body weight from two long-term studies of this species to test predictions arising from these two models concerning sex biases in litter composition and maternal care. First, we observed no consistent pattern of sex differences in an index of weaning weight or body weight at 1 month old in either population, indicating a lack of sex bias in maternal care. However, in one population, higher maternal body weight was associated with higher juvenile body weight of daughters, but not of sons. Secondly, we found a negative, but not statistically significant, relationship between maternal body weight and litter sex ratio such that heavier females tended to produce more daughters and lighter females to produce more sons. These results indicate that roe females which have additional investment potential available do not invest it in sons, as predicted by the Trivers and Willard model. Our results may provide some support that roe deer are subject to local resource competition acting at the level of the individual mother; however, the fact that particular trends in sex ratio data can be explained in functional terms provides no indication that they are actually adaptive. Received: 9 December 1997 / Accepted after revision: 11 November 1998     

Mating system evolution in response to search costs in the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria

A general and intuitive prediction from models of mate preference is that when the cost of searching for mates increases, individuals should become less choosy. Here, we test this prediction by comparing the mating propensity of females in two populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria. The populations originated from southern Sweden and Madeira and due to different adult emergence patterns throughout the year, the average density of males per female is likely to be lower on Madeira. Therefore, we expected that the cost of searching should be greater on Madeira and, consequently, that the Madeiran females should be less choosy. In line with predictions, the Madeiran females mated significantly sooner after the first interaction with males than did females from southern Sweden. This difference may reflect a weaker preference for territorial males over non-territorial patrollers in the Madeiran population, because of the greater costs of searching. The Madeiran females also showed a shorter time lag between mating and the start of oviposition. We discuss this unexpected result and propose that the same mechanism could also explain this population difference, i.e. different costs of searching for suitable host plants. Both search processes are fundamental for female reproductive success and we find it plausible that they can be generalised into the same theory of optimal search behaviour. Received: 14 May 1998 / Accepted after revision: 13 December 1998     

长三角城市群典型区土壤重金属时空变异及源解析

为科学合理服务区域生态环境保护,以长三角城市群某市表层土壤为主要研究对象,基于1∶250 000和1∶50 000土壤地球化学调查工作,测定土壤8 项典型重金属含量,运用土壤环境地球化学等级划分方法评价土壤重金属超标程度,运用地统计学方法剖析重金属的时空变异特征,并运用相关性分析、聚类分析和主成分分析解析重金属来源。结果表明：1∶250 000和1∶50 000土壤地球化学调查工作取得的两期重金属中,除As外的7项重金属含量均值都超过了江苏省和全国土壤背景值,说明土壤普遍存在重金属污染;相较1∶250 000调查,1∶50 000调查中除Cd外的重金属含量变异系数均明显增加,两期含量值变化幅度较大、连续性较差,一方面由于调查尺度增大致使具体差异更加明显,另一方面由于人类活动对局部土壤影响作用较大。土壤环境地球化学等级划分方法评价结果表明,两期土壤重金属均表现出不同程度的污染,尤以Cd和Hg污染为主,表明土壤存在明显的点源污染局部聚集现象。分析两期重金属元素含量的时空变异,经过多年,土壤中重金属累积严重,形成以Cd、Cu和Hg为代表的污染聚集。源解析表明,土壤中As、Cr和Ni主要来源于成土母质叠加少量农业活动,Cd、Cu、Hg主要受人为工业活动的影响,Pb和Zn受交通运输为主叠加少量工业活动的影响。     

好氧条件下生物转鼓同步脱硫脱硝性能及相应动力学模型的优化

为探究高效同步脱硫脱硝的生物工艺,以生物转鼓反应器为实验对象,研究了好氧条件下SO₂质量浓度、NO_x质量浓度、营养液体积和气体停留时间(EBRT)的变化对生物转鼓同步脱硫脱硝效果的影响,并用动力学模型拟合值与实验数据进行了对比。实验结果表明：生物转鼓同步脱硫脱硝最适条件为SO₂质量浓度1 200 mg·m⁻³,NO_x质量浓度800 mg·m⁻³,营养液体积20.6 L,气体停留时间(EBRT) 75.36 s;SO₂过程净化主要受液相传质控制,NO_x传质过程由生物相和液相协同完成;修正求得了能较好描述好氧条件下生物转鼓脱硫脱硝效果的动力学模型,因存在生物相、液膜、污染物流动等变量与假设的差异,SO₂和NO_x模拟数据与实验数据分别有2.68%和3.18%的平均绝对误差;在最佳条件下,SO₂和NO_x的平均去除率分别为96.81%和92.98%,平均去除负荷分别为55.50 mg·(L·h)⁻¹和35.53 mg·(L·h)⁻¹,且出气质量浓度均低于100 mg·m⁻³。可见,生物转鼓是一种可行的高效同步脱硫脱硝生物工艺。