锰尾矿、矿渣浸出毒性及Cd、Pb溶出特性研究

锰尾矿、矿渣是锰生产过程中形成的废弃物,里面的很多物质都会在自然条件下如雨水淋溶而溶出,进入到土壤和水体中造成环境污染。通过对锰尾矿、矿渣进行浸出毒性实验;以及结合到当地的自然条件,考查浸泡体系pH值、温度、液固比的变化条件,对尾矿、矿渣中Pb、Cd溶出含量的影响,明确了锰尾矿、矿渣属于一般的工业固体废物,以及Pb、Cd的溶出特性。     

Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model animal for assessing the toxicity induced by microcystin-LR

Among more than 75 variants of microcystin(MC),microcystin-LR(MC-LR) is one of the most common toxins.In this study,the feasibility of using Caenorhabditis elegans to evaluate MC-LR toxicity was studied.C.elegans was treated with MC-LR at different concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 80 μg/L.The results showed that MC-LR could reduce lifespan,delay development,lengthen generation time,decrease brood size,suppress locomotion behavior,and decreases hsp-16-2-gfp expression.The endpoints of generation time,brood...     

Degradation and detoxification of microcystin-LR in drinking water by sequential use of UV and ozone

Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria are strong hepatotoxins and classified as possible carcinogens.MCs pose a considerable threat to human health through tainted drinking and surface waters.Herein filtrated water from a waterworks in Harbin,China,was spiked with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) extracted from a toxic scum of microcystis aeruginosa,and the spiked sample waters were treated using UV irradiation with consequent ozonation process (UV/O3),compared with ozonation at a dose range commonly applied in water treatment plants,UV irradiation at 254 nm and UV irradiation combined with ozonation (UV+O3),respectively.The remaining of toxins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and also determined using a protein phosphatase type 2A inhibition assay,which was utilized to evaluate the reduction in toxicity.Results indicated that in comparison to other three processes (O3,UV,and UV+O3),UV/O 3 process could effectively decrease both the concentration and toxicity of MC-LR at 100 μg/L level after 5 min UV irradiation with consequent 5 min ozonation at 0.2 mg/L (below 1 μg/L),while 0.5 mg/L ozone dose was required for the level below 0.1 μg/L.The addition of an UV treatment step to the existing treatment train may induce significant transformation of micropollutants and breaks down the natural organic matters into moieties unfavorable for ozone decomposition,stabilizing the ozone residual.These findings suggested that sequential use of UV and ozone may be a suitable method for the removal of these potentially hazardous microcystins from drinking water.     

PFOS/PFOA对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎致毒效应研究

采用斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试方法,研究了PFOA/PFOS对斑马鱼的急性毒性和生命早期阶段生长发育的影响.结果表明,PFOS/PFOA对斑马鱼有明显毒性作用,LC₅₀(48 h)分别为1005 mg/L和107 mg/L,LC₅₀(96　h)分别为499 mg/L和71 mg/L.PFOS/PFOA抑制斑马鱼胚胎发育,可导致胚胎发育畸形,甚至死亡,高浓度(＞240 mg/L)PFOS损伤细胞膜,导致胚胎分裂中的细胞发生自溶而卵凝结死亡,抑制胚胎原肠胚的形成.在各种亚致死效应中,脊柱畸形对PFOS暴露最敏感,其EC₅₀=9.14 mg/L,PFOA暴露最敏感亚致死性毒理学终点为96　h孵化,对应EC₅₀=328.0 mg/L.PFOA/PFOS导致胚胎发育延迟,具有发育毒性.     

土壤-植物系统中铬的环境行为及其毒性评价

由于铬及其化合物的使用和含铬废弃物的大量排放,空气、土壤、水和食品都不同程度地受到了铬污染.对于铬污染,尤其是与人体健康密切相关的土壤系统铬污染的研究,已成为国内外相关领域的热点.其中铬在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化规律备受关注.本文详细介绍了铬的基础化学、土壤-植物系统中铬迁移转化的影响因素(土壤理化性质、铬的供给形态、浓度、植物种类等)以及该系统中铬的生态毒性,总结了通过综合分析土壤-植物系统中植物、土壤微生物、土壤动物的生态毒理数据来评估土壤-植物系统中铬生态风险的方法,并指出了这一领域研究工作的不足之处,对今后的研究重点进行了展望.     

石油污染土壤物化修复前后生物毒性效应

采用作物种子的发芽率作为生态指标对石油污染土壤进行毒性分析,并以蚯蚓为实验生物,研究了石油污染物的生物效应及其对土壤生态系统的影响.结果表明,不同的作物种子对石油污染表现出不同的耐受性,对照清洁土壤,大多数作物种子的萌发都明显受到石油污染的抑制,其中受石油污染影响最严重的是黄豆、蚕豆、玉米.相比之下,在不同石油污染水平下绿豆具有较高的耐受性,且种子发芽率均在90%以上.蚯蚓在受到污染胁迫时,在生理水平上会发生明显的变化,进而影响其存活和生长能力,实验观测到随着石油污染加重蚯蚓存活时间显著下降.在高污染水平石油污染的土壤中(石油污染水平>30 000 mg.kg-1),蚯蚓的耐性降低,仅可以存活5 d左右,说明石油烃对蚯蚓的毒性较大,主要是因为蚯蚓直接与石油接触导致其中毒脱水而死亡.处理后油田污染土,即使在污染水平很低(≈30 mg.kg-1)的情况下,蚯蚓存活时间依然很短(3 d左右),是因为经过石油醚处理过的土壤,其营养物质也随着石油而被处理掉,而土壤中有机质等营养物对蚯蚓的生存具有很大影响.     

南海海港疏浚淤泥悬浮物对海洋动物的急性毒性效应

为评价海港疏浚淤泥对倾倒海区海洋动物的影响,对疏浚淤泥悬浮相进行了生物急性毒性试验。研究结果表明：疏浚淤泥悬浮相对浮游甲壳类的致毒效应明显。22.0～24.0℃试验水温时,悬浮相对卤虫无节幼体和浮游挠足类的急性毒性试验结果分别为：96hLC₅₀为71.6mg/L（卤虫无节幼体）,48hLC₅₀为61.3mg/L（浮游挠足类）。低浓度和低温时,悬浮相对前鳞鲻（Mugilophuyseni）幼鱼的致毒效应不明显。随温度的升高,毒性效应亦增强。试验水温为18.8～20.0℃时,悬浮相对前鳞鲻幼鱼24h和96hLC₅₀分别为5801.3mg/L和5045.5mg/L;而当试验水温升至22.0～24.0℃时,悬浮相对前鳞鲻幼鱼24、48、72、96hLC₅₀分别为1996.4、769.9、592.8及556.3mg/L。     

温度、氨对鲢、鳙、草、鲤鱼的影响

为制定热排放标准的需要,用动态实验和静态实验方法研究了热冲击与氨对鲢、鳙、草、鲤鱼的急性和亚急性效应。结果表明：选择温度与起始致死温度（TL₅₀）值随着驯化温度的升高而增大,鳙鱼对热冲击的反应较敏感。氨对鲢、鳙、鲤鱼的急性毒性（96h）LC₅₀值分别为0.38、0.30、0.66mgNH₃/L（非离解氨）。水温升高5℃,鲤鱼的（96h）LC₅₀。值从0.66mgNH₃/L下降到0.44mgNH₃/L,热冲击明显提高了氨对鲤鱼的毒性。氨对鲤鱼的亚急性毒性结果表明,鳃、肝组织出现了病理改变。以上室内实验结果可作为评价监测热污染水质的科学依据。     

絮凝-厌氧-好氧处理抗菌素废水的试验研究

血清瓶毒性实验表明,抗菌素废水对厌氧消化具有强烈的抑制作用,废水经过絮凝处理,可以降低废水的毒性．筛选到一种混凝剂（试剂Ｂ）,可以去除废水ＣＯＤ５０％．预处理后的废水经过厌氧污泥床（ＵＡＳＢ）的处理,可以去除６０％的ＣＯＤ,处理系统内形成了颗粒污泥．厌氧处理后的出水,再通过两级好氧处理,出水ＣＯＤ可降至３００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下,达到生物制药废水行业排放标准．     

Comparison of test procedures for sediment toxicity evaluation with Vibrio fischeri bacteria

The use of bacterial luminescence assays is particularly effective in the contaminated sediment evaluation. In the present study, a comparison was made of different baterial luminescence assays including acute toxicity of elutriates with Microtox® and LUMIStox®; chronic toxicity of elutriates with LUMIStox®; and, acute toxicity of solvent extracts with both the tests and the Solid Phase test with Microtox. The toxicity assay procedures were utilised for the Po River sediment toxicity evaluation, testing samples with different physical and chemical characteristics. The results evidentiated that each sediment test procedures provided indipendent and complementary ecotoxicological responces usefull for a sediment classification of the most polluted samples.