Comparative Toxicity of Prymnesium parvum in Inland Waters1

Brooks, Bryan W., Susan V. James, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., Fabiola Urena-Boeck, Carlos Serrano, Jason P. Berninger, Leslie Schwierzke, Laura D. Mydlarz, James P. Grover, and Daniel L. Roelke, 2010. Comparative Toxicity of Prymnesium parvum in Inland Waters. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):45-62. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00390.x Abstract: Numerous studies have examined the impacts of Prymnesium parvum to aquatic life, but the majority of information available is from experiments or field studies performed at salinities of marine and coastal ecosystems. Ambient toxicity of P. parvum has been characterized with in vitro and in vivo models because reliable quantitation of P. parvum toxins in environmental matrices is often precluded by a lack of available analytical standards. Hemolytic activity and fish mortality assays have been used most frequently to characterize toxic conditions; however, relatively few in vivo studies employed standardized methods. Because the relative sensitivities of different taxa to P. parvum toxins in inland waters were undefined, we assessed the comparative toxicity of P. parvum filtrate from a laboratory study (20°C, 12:12 light:dark cycle, f/8 media, 2.4 psu) to several common standardized in vitro and in vivo models. After exposure to cell-free filtrate hemolytic activity (1 h EC₅₀ = 13,712 cells/ml) and juvenile fish (Pimephales promelas) survival (48 h LC₅₀ = 21,754 cells/ml) were the most sensitive assay responses examined, followed by rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus) population growth rate [48 h no observable adverse effect levels (NOAEL) = 19,072 cells/ml] and cladoceran (Daphnia magna) reproduction (10-day NOAEL = 47,680 cells/ml). Green algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) growth (96 h) was not adversely affected but was instead significantly stimulated by P. parvum toxins. We further propose an initial species sensitivity distribution approach for P. parvum, which may be used to support future environmental management decisions. Our findings from these laboratory studies indicate that although fish kills are increasingly associated with P. parvum blooms occurring in inland waters, further study is required to define the influences of toxin sensitivities of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish communities on P. parvum bloom initiation and termination.     

Prymnesium parvum Population Dynamics During Bloom Development: A Role Assessment of Grazers and Virus1

Schwierzke, Leslie, Daniel L. Roelke, Bryan W. Brooks, James P. Grover, Theodore W. Valenti, Jr., Mieke Lahousse, Carrie J. Miller, and James L. Pinckney, 2010. Prymnesium parvum Population Dynamics During Bloom Development: A Role Assessment of Grazers and Virus. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(1):63-75. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00391.x Abstract: The toxic haptophyte Prymnesium parvum is a harmful alga known to cause fish-killing blooms that occur worldwide. In Texas (United States), P. parvum blooms occur in inland brackish water bodies and have increased in frequency and magnitude in recent years. In this study we conducted three consecutive field experiments (Lake Whitney) to investigate the influence of zooplankton and viruses on P. parvum bloom dynamics during the time of year when blooms are still typically active in Texas (early spring). A localized P. parvum bloom developed during our study that involved increasing levels of toxicity (based on Pimephales promelas and Daphnia magna bioassays). Only in our last experiment, during later stages of bloom development and under highly toxic conditions, did the presence of grazers show a statistically significant, negative effect on P. parvum population dynamics. During this experiment, a rotifer-dominated zooplankton community emerged, composed mostly of Notholca laurentiae, suggesting that this species was less sensitive than other grazers to toxins produced by P. parvum. Microzooplankton may have also been important at this time. Similarly, only our final experiment demonstrated a statistically significant, negative effect of viruses on P. parvum. This exploratory study, resulting in observed impacts on P. parvum populations by both grazers and virus, enhances our understanding of P. parvum ecology and highlights direction for future studies on resistance of zooplankton to prymnesin toxins and algal-virus interactions.     

金属和非金属纳米材料对四膜虫生物毒性研究

纳米材料是"21世纪最有前途的材料",以其优良的性能广泛应用于许多领域,随之以多种形式释放到环境中。目前,关于纳米材料的安全性还没有明确的论断。本文介绍了四膜虫在纳米材料生物效应研究中的优势,重点论述了金属纳米材料、非金属纳米材料对四膜虫的生物效应以及毒性机制的研究状况,并对今后纳米材料生物毒性效应研究提供了建设性的方法及意见。     

NLRP3 inflammasome activation determines the fibrogenic potential of PM2.5 air pollution particles in the lung

Airborne fine particulate matter(PM_2.5) is known to cause respiratory inflammation such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung fibrosis. NLRP3 inflammasome activation has been implicated in these diseases; however, due to the complexity in PM_2.5compositions, it is difficult to differentiate the roles of the components in triggering this pathway. We collected eight real-life PM_2.5samples for a comparative analysis of their effects on NLRP3 inflammasome ...     

环境毒理学研究进展

综述了近年来环境毒理学的研究进展,内容包括:环境污染物对机体的影响及其环境行为、环境污染物及其转化物的毒性和评估方法、实验室模式生物、生物标志物以及环境毒理学在其他相关学科中的应用等.此外,还对环境化学品管理和安全性评价、Hormesis(兴奋效应)现象、遗传毒性致癌物的危险度评价、室内环境毒理学分析与研究等热点问题进...     

室内环境中的有机磷酸酯及环境毒理研究

随着全球对溴代阻燃剂的禁用,有机磷酸酯类化合物(OPEs)已成为溴代阻燃剂的主要替代品,其产量与用量逐年升高,并且OPEs极易释放到环境中,因此,近年来OPEs逐渐引起了人们的广泛关注.本文重点查阅了不同国家建筑物室内的灰尘(粉尘)和部分电子产品和家用装饰材料中的OPEs残留浓度等资料,对其毒理学研究进展进行了综述,并介绍了OPEs的风险评价方法和模式,展望了其未来的研究方向和研究重点.     

生理药代动力学模型及其在健康风险评价中的应用研究进展

生理药代动力学(Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic,PBPK)模型在健康风险评估中的应用逐渐成为研究的焦点.简要阐述了PBPK模型的定义及发展历程,在此基础上详细介绍了PBPK模型建立的过程及其在致癌风险评估、混合物健康风险评估中的应用.最后,总结了该模型在健康风险评估应用中的受限因素,提出跨学科合作有利于解决这些受限因素,从而进一步推进该模型在混合物健康风险评价中的应用.     

有毒物质低剂量刺激作用的研究进展

有毒物质低剂量刺激作用(hormesis)是一个有争议的毒理学问题.本文综述了hormesis的研究进展、关键学术问题以及可能的作用机制,并对有关hormesis的机理研究与环境内分泌干扰物研究和风险评价理论及方法之间的关系进行了讨论,提出了其中存在的关键科学问题和可能的研究方向.     

Ecotoxicological responses to chalcopyrite exposure in a proxy for deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp: implications for seafloor massive sulphide mining

Deep-sea mineral prospecting has raised concerns regarding potential ecotoxicological impacts of deep-sea mineral extraction. Although metal mineral phases are predicted to exhibit low bioavailability, few data explore the relative toxicity of mineral phases and dissolved constituent metals. Acute 96?h chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) (<250?µm grain size) exposures using the shallow-water ecophysiological model organism Palaemon varians as an ecotoxicological proxy for deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimp revealed no effect in both lethal and sublethal assays up to 2.888?g?L^?1, suggesting that chalcopyrite is not bioavailable. Deep-sea species, therefore, appear at greater ecotoxicological risk from dissolved metals during seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) mining. Consequently, an approach combining modelling the release, and spatial and temporal dilution of dissolved metals during SMS mining, with data on sublethal effects of dissolved metals on shallow-water proxies, may best constrain the potential ecotoxicological impacts of SMS mining, and deliver ecotoxicological threshold concentrations for active SMS extraction.     

基于斑马鱼毒理基因组学的化学品测试技术研究进展

大量缺乏毒性信息的化学品最终进入环境水体,对人类及生态生物产生潜在的危害与风险。提高化学品生物毒性测试与评估技术的通量和效率,是实现毒害化学物质环境与生态健康风险防控的关键。作为一种可以实现高通量测试的脊椎动物模型,斑马鱼胚胎测试在化学品的毒性评估中应用广泛。随着组学技术的发展,毒理基因组学可有效提取毒害化学品致毒过程中干扰生物学通路的信息。这些机制信息可用于对单物质或复合污染物生物毒性的筛选和预测。本文综述了不同斑马鱼胚胎测试技术在化学品毒性筛选评估管理与水环境复合污染毒性监测中的发展和应用,详细介绍了一种新型斑马鱼胚胎简化转录组学技术的方法流程和优势,并探讨了综合斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试、行为分析和组学等不同测试技术在化学品毒性测试、环境监测与评价中的应用前景。