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171.
水体中痕量氯苯的气相色谱分析方法研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据氯苯在水体中溶解度小,易吹脱且热稳定性好的特点,建立了水体中痕量氯苯的分析方法。该法采用简化的吹脱、捕集装置用TenaxGC富集水体中氯苯,热解吸法浓缩进样,大口径毛细管柱分离,FID测定。方法操作简单、快速,测定水体中氯苯最低检出限为0.4μg/L,相对标准偏差小于8.6%。方法适宜于水体中痕量氯苯的测定 相似文献
172.
173.
We provide an overview of research related to environmental effects of disposal of coal combustion residues (CCR) in sites in the United States. Our focus is on aspects of CCR that have the potential to negatively influence aquatic organisms and thehealth of aquatic ecosystems. We identify major issues of concern, as well as areas in need of further investigation.Intentional or accidental release of CCR into aquatic systemshas generally been associated with deleterious environmental effects. A large number of metals and trace elements are presentin CCR, some of which are rapidly accumulated to high concentrations by aquatic organisms. Moreover, a variety of biological responses have been observed in organisms following exposure to and accumulation of CCR-related contaminants. In some vertebrates and invertebrates, CCR exposure has led to numerous histopathological, behavioral, and physiological (reproductive, energetic, and endocrinological) effects. Fish kills and extirpation of some fish species have been associatedwith CCR release, as have indirect effects on survival and growth of aquatic animals mediated by changes in resource abundance or quality. Recovery of CCR-impacted sites can be extremely slow due to continued cycling of contaminants withinthe system, even in sites that only received CCR effluents forshort periods of time. The literature synthesis reveals important considerations for future investigations of CCR-impacted sites. Many studies have examined biological responses to CCR with respect to Se concentrations and accumulation because of teratogenic andreproductively toxic effects known to be associated with thiselement. However, the complex mixture of metals and traceelements characteristic of CCR suggests that biologicalassessments of many CCR-contaminated habitats should examine avariety of inorganic compounds in sediments, water, and tissuesbefore causation can be linked to individual CCR components. Most evaluations of effects of CCR in aquatic environments havefocused on lentic systems and the populations of animalsoccupying them. Much less is known about CCR effects in loticsystems, in which the contaminants may be transported downstream,diluted or concentrated in downstream areas, and accumulated bymore transient species. Although some research has examinedaccumulation and effects of contaminants on terrestrial and avianspecies that visit CCR-impacted aquatic sites, more extensiveresearch is also needed in this area. Effects in terrestrial orsemiaquatic species range from accumulation and maternal transferof elements to complete recruitment failure, suggesting that CCReffects need to be examined both within and outside of theaquatic habitats into which CCR is released. Requiring specialattention are waterfowl and amphibians that use CCR-contaminatedsites during specific seasons or life stages and are highlydependent on aquatic habitat quality during those periods.Whether accidentally discharged into natural aquatic systems or present in impoundments that attract wildlife, CCR appears topresent significant risks to aquatic and semiaquatic organisms. Effects may be as subtle as changes in physiology or as drasticas extirpation of entire populations. When examined as a whole,research on responses of aquatic organisms to CCR suggests thatreducing the use of disposal methods that include an aquaticslurry phase may alleviate some environmental risks associatedwith the waste products. 相似文献
174.
Trace Element Concentrations in Fish, Surficial Sediments and Water from Northern Part of the Persian Gulf 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Concentrations of cadmium, lead, nickel and vanadium were determined in water, surficial sediments and the muscle of three
demersal fish species (Epinephelus coioides, Psettodes erumei and Solea elongate) from 15 sampling sites in the northern part of Persian Gulf. Concentrations of the elements were determined using Inductively
Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. There were no significant differences among the sampling sites in Cd and Pb levels in the
sediments. The highest concentrations of Ni and V in sediments were found near the southern coast of Qeshm Iland and Bandar
Lengeh. Concentrations of Cd, Pb and Ni in the sediments were notably higher than global baseline values. Nearly in all cases
the element concentrations in the sediments were considerably greater than RSA (ROPME Sea Area) and the ERL (Effects Range
Low) guidelines. Significant differences among the sampling sites could be found for concentrations of all the four metals
in water. The mean Ni, Pb and Cd levels in the water samples were relatively higher than those in some other regions of the
Persian Gulf. Except few cases, the mean concentrations of the elements in muscle of the selected fish species were markedly
below the international guidelines for human consumption. 相似文献
175.
The distribution of trace metals in sediments of the lower reaches of the New Calabar River, Nigeria was evaluated togetherwith the partitioning of their chemical species between fivegeochemical phases. Samplings were made in five zones at the lower reaches of the New Calaber River. All the trace metals were determined by AAS after selective chemical extractions andconcentrations given in g gm-1 (dry weight basis). The average totalconcentrations found for trace metals in the sediment were (mean ± rsd.) Pb: 41.6 ± 0.29, Zn: 31.60 ± 0.42, Cd: 12.80 ± 0.92, Co: 92 ± 0.25, Cu: 25.5 ± 0.65 and Ni: 3.2 ± 0.25. Maxima and minima concentrations are inconsistent with previous studies in other rivers of this region. Spatial distribution revealed that the sources of trace metals into theriver appeared to be of non-point. Five contamination indices were applied in studying the partitioning of the trace metals inthe sediment. These indices provided bases for ascertaining the potential environmental risk of trace metals in the river system.The results denote high partition levels in the more mobile andmore dangerous phases. 相似文献
176.
Han JS Moon KJ Kong BJ Lee SJ Kim JE Kim YJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,107(1-3):221-237
PM2.5 aerosol samples were collected at Gosan in Jeju Island during six intensive measurement periods between November 2001 and
August 2003. In order to investigate the chemical composition of fine particles, major ion components, trace elements, and
elemental and organic carbon were analyzed. Quite different seasonal characteristic in the chemical composition of fine particles
was observed. The concentration of most secondary aerosol components showed a summer minimum and a winter maximum with higher
correlation between them at Gosan. This fact clearly reveals the possibility of long-range transport of such pollutants in
winter. On the other hand, OC and EC had the highest concentration and good correlation with ion components, such as K+, Ca2+ in fall. It means that biomass burning could significantly influence the ambient fine carbonaceous particulate in fall, which
was primarily long-range transported. 相似文献
177.
在痕量分析中,为获得准确的分析结果,容量材质以及洗涤方法的选择至关重要。试验分析表明:聚乙烯是较好的容器材料,它玷污最小、易洗涤、价廉、容器清洗。经实验证明:蒸汽法效果好,但需要相应装置;浸泡法简单易行,但消耗较大。其他方法则各有利弊,因此可根据不同的分析元素及特征,选择合适的洗涤方法。 相似文献
178.
Biomass burning associated with shifting cultivation areas from the northeastern region of India is an important source of trace gas emissions in the Southeast Asian region. In the present study, satellite data pertaining to IRS-P4 OCM data and DMSP-OLS has been used to quantify the intensity, areal extent and amount of biomass burnt in the northeastern region states at district level. Trace gas emissions have been quantified both by using IPCC based emission ratios and ground based emission ratios obtained from field based studies. Areal estimates with respect to shifting cultivation areas from IRS-P4 OCM satellite data of 4th April 2000 suggested nearly 112.99 km2 of the northeastern region of India affected due to shifting cultivation. In the study, DMSP OLS nighttime data has been used to capture the real time fires during the dry season. The results suggested high amount of fires during the March season when compared to April and May. Using the emission ratios obtained from the ground-based studies and IPCC emission ratios, the emissions for the individual non-CO2 trace gases have been computed in a GIS framework using the biomass data, combustion factors and emission ratios. Results suggested emissions of 2.063 Mt CH4, 17.94 Mt CO, 1.419 Mt N2O, and 51.28 Mt NO
x
and 2.643 Mt release of CH4, 3.7204 Mt CO, 0.145 Mt N2O, and 8.477 Mt NO
x
, respectively, from biomass burning due to shifting cultivation for the year 2000, from the northeastern region in India. The study highlights the importance of Satellite Remote sensing data and GIS in quantifying the trace gas emissions from biomass burning. 相似文献
179.
Seventeen sediment cores were collected from different coastalecosystems of Tamil Nadu, India that include coastal lagoon (Pulicat), polluted rivers in Chennai (Adyar and Cooum), Coral reef (Gulf of Mannar) and a perennial river (Tamiraparani).Radiometric dating has been used to determine the modern sedimentation rates in these ecosystems. The Pulicat Lake and thepolluted rivers (Adyar and Cooum) yield an average sediment accumulation rate of 12.34 and 7.85 mm yr-1, respectively. Inthe Gulf of Mannar coral reef, the sedimentation rate averages 17.37 mm yr-1, while the rate in Tamiraparani River is 11.00 mm yr-1. In the Tamiraparani River basin, the deposition rates were an order of magnitude higher when compared to the erosion rates, which may be due to bank erosion and the intense human activity. In general high rates of sedimentation observed in the coastal ecosystems not only reflect the capacity of the coastal regions as sinks for trace metals but also denoteincreased input of pollutants into the coastal environments in the recent past. The deposition rates of heavy metals – Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni in the depth profiles have been computed using sedimentation rates and their distribution is discussed. It can be seen that the mean deposition rates of all the measured elements in the Tamil Nadu coastal ecosystems are high compared with rates determined for the sediments of the deltaic regions ofIndia and the Bay of Bengal. 相似文献
180.